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Related Concept Videos

Classifying Matter by State02:49

Classifying Matter by State

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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
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The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements” — fire, earth, air, and water — and could be infinitely divided. Interestingly, these philosophers...
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Solids, liquids, and gases are the three states of matter commonly found on Earth. A solid is rigid and possesses a definite shape. A liquid flows and takes the shape of its container, except it forms a flat or slightly curved upper surface when acted upon by gravity. Both liquid and solid samples have volumes nearly independent of pressure. A gas takes both the shape and volume of its container.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

A Standardized Pipeline for Examining Human Cerebellar Grey Matter Morphometry using Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Cerebellar Gray Matter and Olfactory Performance.

Albert Wabnegger1, Anne Schienle1

  • 1Clinical Psychology, University of Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Universitätsplatz, Graz, Austria.

Chemical Senses
|July 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Cerebellum gray matter volume (GMV) in lobule VI correlates with olfactory identification ability. This finding suggests the cerebellum

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory research
  • Cerebellar function

Background:

  • The cerebellum's role in chemical senses, particularly olfaction, remains largely unexplored.
  • Previous research has primarily focused on the cerebellum's motor functions, with limited investigation into its sensory processing capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between gray matter volume (GMV) in cerebellar subregions and olfactory performance.
  • To determine if specific cerebellar structures are associated with olfactory threshold, discrimination, and identification.

Main Methods:

  • Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis was employed on MRI data from 48 male participants.
  • Participants underwent a standardized olfactory test assessing threshold, discrimination, and identification.
Keywords:
brain structurecerebellar subdivisionsodor identificationolfactory performancevoxel-based morphometry

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  • Regression analyses were used to correlate cerebellar GMV with olfactory test scores.

    • Main Results:

    • A significant positive association was found between olfactory identification performance and GMV in the cerebellum's lobule VI.
    • No significant relationships were observed between cerebellar GMV and olfactory threshold or discrimination abilities.
    • The study included participants with a wide spectrum of olfactory function, from normosmia to anosmia/hyposmia.

    Conclusions:

    • Cerebellar lobule VI, known for cognitive functions like language and memory, plays a role in olfactory identification.
    • These cognitive processes are crucial for accurate odor labeling.
    • Cerebellar involvement in basic odor detection and discrimination appears minimal.