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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

16.9K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
16.9K
Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

4.9K
Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent...
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Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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The de Broglie Wavelength02:32

The de Broglie Wavelength

33.1K
In the macroscopic world, objects that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye follow the rules of classical physics. A billiard ball moving on a table will behave like a particle; it will continue traveling in a straight line unless it collides with another ball, or it is acted on by some other force, such as friction. The ball has a well-defined position and velocity or well-defined momentum, p = mv, which is defined by mass m and velocity v at any given moment. This is the typical...
33.1K
Molecular Models02:00

Molecular Models

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Physical models representing molecular architectures of chemical compounds play essential roles in understanding chemistry. The use of molecular models makes it easier to visualize the structures and shapes of atoms and molecules.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Author Spotlight: High-Throughput Screening to Obtain Crystal Hits for Protein Crystallography
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Author Spotlight: High-Throughput Screening to Obtain Crystal Hits for Protein Crystallography

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Hepatology through the crystal ball.

Roger Williams1,2

  • 1The Institute of Hepatology London, Foundation for Liver Research, 111 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NT, UK. r.williams@researchinliver.org.uk.

Hepatology International
|July 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Global liver disease burden is rising, with 2 million cirrhosis deaths annually. Emerging research explores gut microbiome

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology and Gastroenterology
  • Transplantation Medicine
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Increasing global burden of liver disease, including 2 million deaths from cirrhosis annually.
  • Major concerns include rising rates of alcohol consumption and obesity as primary drivers.
  • Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is 25% in many populations, with primary hepatocellular cancer (HCC) emerging in obese individuals without severe fibrosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current challenges and advancements in managing liver disease.
  • To highlight innovations in organ preservation for transplantation.
  • To explore the role of the gut microbiome in liver disease and cancer treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of global liver disease statistics and trends.
Keywords:
AlcoholGut dysbiosisObesity

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  • Analysis of recent advancements in organ preservation techniques.
  • Investigation into the relationship between gut microbiome, inflammation, and treatment response in liver disease and HCC.

    • Main Results:

    • Significant increase in liver disease burden globally, with limited control over key causes like alcohol and obesity.
    • Advancements in machine preservation are expanding the use of donor organs for transplantation.
    • Gut microbiome and bacterial translocation are identified as key factors in the inflammatory response in decompensated cirrhosis and influence HCC patient response to checkpoint inhibitors.

    Conclusions:

    • Urgent need for effective strategies to control alcohol consumption and obesity to combat liver disease.
    • Innovations in organ preservation offer new hope for liver transplantation.
    • The gut microbiome represents a critical therapeutic target for decompensated cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer treatment.