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Cognitive changes associated with mentally active lifestyle and structured cognitive programs: a 2-year longitudinal

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Engaging in mentally stimulating activities and cognitive programs can help maintain cognitive function in older adults. Cognitive programs offer additional benefits, especially for those with lower baseline cognition or physical frailty.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Cognitive Science
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Mentally stimulating leisure activities and cognitive interventions are linked to delayed cognitive decline in older adults.
  • Evidence on their differential contributions remains inconclusive.
  • This study investigates the distinct impacts of lifestyle and structured programs on cognitive changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the respective contributions of mentally active lifestyle and structured cognitive programs on cognitive changes in older adults.
  • To assess the additive effects of cognitive programs on a mentally active lifestyle.
  • To identify predictors of cognitive gains from cognitive programs.

Main Methods:

  • A 2-year prospective cohort study involving 1,793 healthy older adults.
  • Assessment of mentally active lifestyle, participation in cognitive programs, and cognitive function (Montreal Cognitive Assessment).
  • Screening for physical frailty and depression to control for their effects.

Main Results:

  • Mentally active individuals exhibited better baseline cognition and were less physically frail and depressed.
  • Both mentally active and inactive groups experienced mild cognitive decline over two years.
  • Structured cognitive programs significantly improved cognition, with greater initial gains in the mentally inactive group, though these diminished by year two. Lower baseline cognition and higher physical frailty predicted greater program benefits.

Conclusions:

  • Both a mentally active lifestyle and structured cognitive programs contribute to better cognitive health in older adults.
  • Structured cognitive programs provide additional cognitive benefits beyond a mentally active lifestyle.
  • Cognitive programs show potential for improving cognition across different lifestyle groups, particularly in those with lower baseline function or higher frailty.