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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Hormonal Regulation01:33

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The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
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Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
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Neural Regulation01:37

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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Regulation of Hormone Secretion01:19

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Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
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Fate Mapping of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Teratoma Formation
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[Thyroid hormones regulate neural stem cell fate].

Sylvie Remaud1, Barbara Demeneix1

  • 1Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS UMR 7221, Laboratoire Physiologie moléculaire de l'adaptation, 7 rue Cuvier 75005 Paris, France.

Biologie Aujourd'Hui
|July 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid hormones (THs) are essential for brain development and function throughout life. This review explores how THs regulate neural stem cell (NSC) fate, impacting cognitive disorders and brain repair strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones (THs) are crucial for vertebrate brain development and function from early gestation through aging.
  • Maternal TH sufficiency is vital for normal fetal brain development, with deficiency linked to cognitive impairments and IQ loss in offspring.
  • THs play essential roles in neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation, survival, migration, differentiation, and maturation during development and adulthood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the critical roles of thyroid hormones in regulating neural stem cell fate during mammalian and human development and in adult life.
  • To elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which THs influence neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis.
  • To highlight the therapeutic potential of understanding TH-mediated NSC regulation for treating neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of epidemiological studies and research utilizing mammalian and non-mammalian models (zebrafish, xenopus, chicken, rodents).
  • Analysis of cellular and molecular mechanisms governing NSC behavior under TH influence.
  • Focus on TH regulation of NSC fate determination towards neuronal or glial lineages.

Main Results:

  • THs are indispensable for normal brain development, influencing key processes like cell proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of neural stem cells.
  • In adult life, THs continue to regulate neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis in specific brain regions like the sub-ventricular zone and sub-granular zone.
  • THs critically modulate the balance between neuronal and glial differentiation from neural stem cells.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid hormones are key regulators of neural stem cell fate throughout life, impacting both development and adult brain plasticity.
  • Understanding TH action on NSCs offers potential therapeutic avenues for conditions involving cognitive deficits, neurodegeneration, and demyelination.
  • Targeting TH pathways in neural stem cells presents a promising strategy for brain repair and functional recovery.