Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Timing and Consequences on Behavior01:08

Timing and Consequences on Behavior

367
In operant conditioning, the timing of reinforcement is crucial. For animals like rats and cats, immediate reinforcement (within a few seconds) is much more effective than delayed reinforcement. For example, a food reward for a rat needs to follow within 30 seconds of pressing a bar to be effective. 
Humans, however, can respond to delayed reinforcers. We often make decisions between immediate small rewards and delayed larger rewards. This ability to delay gratification is a significant...
367
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

6.8K
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
6.8K
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

5.0K
The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
5.0K
What is Behavior?00:54

What is Behavior?

10.2K
Behaviors are actions that an organism engages in—they can be related to finding food, reproducing, defending against threats, and many other possible actions. Behaviors include activities related to the environment around the animal—such as migration—as well as social interactions within a species or population. Many behaviors involve motor output—that is, muscle movements—while others involve less visible actions, such as learning.
10.2K
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

7.3K
Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
7.3K
Behaviorism01:28

Behaviorism

4.7K
The field of behaviorism was pioneered by figures such as Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner fundamentally shifted the focus of psychology to the observable and controllable aspects of human and animal behavior. This shift marked a critical evolution in the discipline, emphasizing scientific rigor and experimental methodology.
The core premise of behaviorism is its focus on observable behavior rather than internal thoughts or feelings. This approach argues that true scientific...
4.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

New approach methodologies (NAMs) for improved developmental and reproductive toxicity (DART) assessment with focus on endocrine disruption - a PARC project.

Frontiers in toxicology·2026
Same author

From correlation to causation: Integrating cohorts with experimental studies in mixture toxicology.

Neurotoxicology·2026
Same author

The assessment for potential thyroid-mediated endocrine disruption in amphibians: Clarification on the use of new methods and on the interpretation of changes in thyroid histology.

EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority·2025
Same author

Exposure to a mixture of endocrine disrupting chemicals and thyroid function tests in pregnant women in the SELMA study.

International journal of hygiene and environmental health·2025
Same author

Erratum to "The thyroid hormone system and its disruption" [Ann. Endocrinol. (Paris) (2025) 101773].

Annales d'endocrinologie·2025
Same author

The thyroid hormone system and its disruption.

Annales d'endocrinologie·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Author Spotlight: Accurately Assessing Thyroid Hormone-Driven Motor Alterations in Mouse
04:05

Author Spotlight: Accurately Assessing Thyroid Hormone-Driven Motor Alterations in Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

755

[Thyroid disruptors and their consequences on brain development and behavior].

Jean-Baptiste Fini1, Barbara Demeneix1

  • 1Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS UMR 7221, Laboratoire Physiologie moléculaire de l'adaptation, 7 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France.

Biologie Aujourd'Hui
|July 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Embryonic exposure to endocrine disruptors, chemicals interfering with thyroid hormones, can cause lifelong neurological disorders like ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorders. These developmental effects often go undetected by standard newborn screenings.

More Related Videos

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
08:33

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

Published on: June 6, 2014

12.0K
Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
04:14

Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model

Published on: October 6, 2023

1.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Author Spotlight: Accurately Assessing Thyroid Hormone-Driven Motor Alterations in Mouse
04:05

Author Spotlight: Accurately Assessing Thyroid Hormone-Driven Motor Alterations in Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

755
An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
08:33

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

Published on: June 6, 2014

12.0K
Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
04:14

Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model

Published on: October 6, 2023

1.2K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Endocrinology
  • Environmental Health

Background:

  • Rising prevalence of neurological diseases (e.g., ADHD, Autism, MS, Alzheimer's) in children and adults.
  • Association between some neurological conditions and endocrine dysfunction, particularly the thyroid axis.
  • Growing evidence links embryonic exposure to thyroid hormone disruptors with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a brief overview of the history and properties of endocrine disruptors.
  • To highlight the consequences of embryonic exposure to specific endocrine disruptors on neuronal development.
  • To underscore the significance of these environmental factors in neurological health.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical data on endocrine disruptors.
  • Summary of the properties and mechanisms of action of endocrine disruptors.
  • Discussion of research findings on embryonic exposure and neurodevelopmental consequences.

Main Results:

  • Endocrine disruptors are a diverse group of molecules (e.g., plasticizers, pesticides, flame-retardants).
  • These substances can interfere with thyroid hormone synthesis and action.
  • Embryonic exposure can lead to short- and long-term neurological consequences, often missed by neonatal diagnostics.

Conclusions:

  • Embryonic exposure to thyroid hormone disruptors poses a significant risk for neurodevelopmental disorders.
  • These environmental factors represent a critical, yet often overlooked, aspect of neurological disease etiology.
  • Further research and awareness are needed to address the impact of endocrine disruptors on brain development.