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Related Concept Videos

5-Number Summary01:04

5-Number Summary

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In a dataset, the 5-number summary includes the minimum data value, the data value of the first quartile, the median data value or data value of the second quartile, the data value of the third quartile, and the maximum data value. These 5 data values can be visualized as a box and whisker plot.
In a box plot, the minimum and maximum data values represent the lower and upper whiskers in the graph, and the median is designated as the center of the box in the chart. The first quartile and third...
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Discharge Summary Forms01:31

Discharge Summary Forms

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The discharge summary is crucial as it enables a smooth transition from a healthcare facility to a patient's home or another care setting. This critical document facilitates seamless continuity of care, ensuring patients receive the necessary support and attention.
Here's a detailed look at the key components and guidelines for preparing a discharge summary:
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Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

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Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
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Classifying Matter by Composition03:35

Classifying Matter by Composition

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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories — pure substances and mixtures. 
A pure substance is a form of matter that has a constant composition throughout with uniform properties. For example, any sample of sucrose has the same composition and same physical properties, such as melting point, color, and sweetness, regardless of the source from which it is isolated. 
A mixture is composed of two or...
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Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

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Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
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Updated: Jan 22, 2026

A Method for Targeted 16S Sequencing of Human Milk Samples
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NIH workshop on human milk composition: summary and visions.

Kellie O Casavale1, Jaspreet K C Ahuja2, Xianli Wu2

  • 1Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, US Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, USA.

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
|July 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nationally representative human milk composition (HMC) data are crucial for informing nutrition policies. A workshop identified significant gaps in HMC research, hindering efforts to improve maternal and infant health.

Keywords:
bioactivesbreastfeedingfood composition databasehuman milk microbiomeinfant nutritionlactationmaternal nutritionmilk volumenutrient compositionnutrients

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Area of Science:

  • Nutritional Science
  • Public Health
  • Biomedical Research

Background:

  • Nationally representative data on human milk composition (HMC) are vital for informing federal nutrition programs and policies in the US and Canada.
  • Existing research initiatives have limitations, resulting in insufficient data on HMC and consumed milk volume.
  • This deficiency presents missed opportunities for enhancing maternal and infant health outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To share knowledge on the scientific need for HMC data.
  • To explore factors influencing HMC.
  • To identify methodological challenges in human milk (HM) collection, storage, and analysis.
  • To develop a vision for an HMC data repository and database.

Main Methods:

  • A workshop was held with federal agencies and nonfederal academic experts.
  • Presentations and discussions focused on scientific needs, influencing factors, data quality, and existing research programs.
  • Key themes included sampling strategies, standardization of collection/storage/analysis, and data repository development.

Main Results:

  • There is a significant scientific need for HMC data to support public health advancements.
  • Factors influencing lactation and HMC were discussed.
  • Methodological complexities in HM analysis and standardization were identified.
  • The consensus indicated that limited research scope has led to a lack of robust HMC estimates.

Conclusions:

  • Limited research on human milk composition has resulted in missed opportunities to improve maternal and infant health.
  • Developing a comprehensive HMC data repository is essential for evidence-based policy and consumer information.
  • Further research and standardized methodologies are required to accurately assess HMC and its impact.