Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

17.7K
All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
17.7K
X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

4.7K
X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal...
4.7K
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

25.8K
The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
25.8K
Imaging Biological Samples with Optical Microscopy01:18

Imaging Biological Samples with Optical Microscopy

8.9K
Optical microscopy uses optic principles to provide detailed images of samples. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek designed the first compound optical microscope in the 17th century to visualize blood cells, bacteria, and yeast cells. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes with enhanced magnification and resolution.
In optical microscopy, the specimen to be viewed is placed on a glass slide and clipped on the stage...
8.9K
Radiation: Applications01:17

Radiation: Applications

1.7K
The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
The average...
1.7K
Absorption of Radiation01:05

Absorption of Radiation

1.2K
The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation:
1.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Assessing Metal Ion Assignment Accuracy in Protein Data Bank Models via Elemental Spectroscopy.

Journal of chemical information and modeling·2026
Same author

Design, synthesis and evaluation of an uncharged broad spectrum quinoline-oxime hybrid for the reactivation of nerve agent-inhibited human acetylcholinesterase.

European journal of medicinal chemistry·2026
Same author

Decarboxylation via a Higher Electronic Excited State Drives LSSmOrange Photoconversion.

ACS physical chemistry Au·2026
Same author

Integrated structural dynamics uncover a new B<sub>12</sub> photoreceptor activation mode.

Nature·2026
Same author

Correction to "Mutations in Tau Protein Promote Aggregation by Favoring Extended Conformations".

JACS Au·2025
Same author

Perspective on a large-scale ligand structure characterization.

Acta crystallographica. Section D, Structural biology·2025
Same journal

Launching a new era for Short Communications in Journal of Synchrotron Radiation.

Journal of synchrotron radiation·2026
Same journal

Sagittal collimating diaboloid: a new grazing-incidence mirror surface for higher-throughput resonant inelastic X-ray scattering spectrometers.

Journal of synchrotron radiation·2026
Same journal

Synchrotron X-ray tomography and spectroscopy in numismatics: disclosing counterfeit practices in medieval silver coins.

Journal of synchrotron radiation·2026
Same journal

The Big Data Science Center at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility: the architecture of the superfacility.

Journal of synchrotron radiation·2026
Same journal

A robotic and high-throughput X-ray micro-computed tomography workflow.

Journal of synchrotron radiation·2026
Same journal

Evolution of hierarchical phase-contrast tomography on the European Synchrotron beamlines BM05 and BM18: a whole adult human brain imaging case study.

Journal of synchrotron radiation·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Biological Samples Preparation for Speciation at Cryogenic Temperature using High-Resolution X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy
06:00

Biological Samples Preparation for Speciation at Cryogenic Temperature using High-Resolution X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy

Published on: May 27, 2022

3.0K

X-ray radiation damage to biological samples: recent progress.

Elspeth F Garman1, Martin Weik2

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.

Journal of Synchrotron Radiation
|July 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High-energy X-rays can damage delicate protein structures, impacting research in macromolecular crystallography (MX) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Understanding radiation damage is crucial for accurate structural analysis.

Keywords:
DNASAXSX-ray imagingX-ray radiation damagedosemacromolecular crystallographymetalloproteinstemperature effects

More Related Videos

An All-in-one Sample Holder for Macromolecular X-ray Crystallography with Minimal Background Scattering
07:55

An All-in-one Sample Holder for Macromolecular X-ray Crystallography with Minimal Background Scattering

Published on: July 6, 2019

13.8K
Preparing Adherent Cells for X-ray Fluorescence Imaging by Chemical Fixation
07:54

Preparing Adherent Cells for X-ray Fluorescence Imaging by Chemical Fixation

Published on: March 12, 2015

9.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Biological Samples Preparation for Speciation at Cryogenic Temperature using High-Resolution X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy
06:00

Biological Samples Preparation for Speciation at Cryogenic Temperature using High-Resolution X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy

Published on: May 27, 2022

3.0K
An All-in-one Sample Holder for Macromolecular X-ray Crystallography with Minimal Background Scattering
07:55

An All-in-one Sample Holder for Macromolecular X-ray Crystallography with Minimal Background Scattering

Published on: July 6, 2019

13.8K
Preparing Adherent Cells for X-ray Fluorescence Imaging by Chemical Fixation
07:54

Preparing Adherent Cells for X-ray Fluorescence Imaging by Chemical Fixation

Published on: March 12, 2015

9.9K

Area of Science:

  • Structural biology
  • X-ray physics
  • Radiation chemistry

Background:

  • Advancements in X-ray sources increase flux densities, exacerbating radiation damage concerns.
  • Radiation damage effects are observed in macromolecular crystallography (MX) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review and present research on the physics and chemistry of X-ray radiation damage.
  • To investigate the impact of radiation damage on various biological and material samples.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental measurements of heating effects and damage rates at varying X-ray energies.
  • Theoretical calculations of radiation chemistry pathways and diffraction efficiency.
  • Analysis of structural changes in protein complexes, DNA crystals, and metallo-enzymes.

Main Results:

  • Detailed observations of radiation damage manifestations in crystals, solutions, and tissues.
  • Quantification of damage rates and heating effects under different irradiation conditions.
  • Identification of potential misinterpretation of radiation-induced structural changes as biological mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Awareness and understanding of X-ray radiation damage are critical for accurate structural determination.
  • Research highlights the diverse effects of radiation on biological macromolecules and materials.
  • X-ray radiation-induced cysteine modifications offer insights into protein dynamics and catalysis.