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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Brain: Major Regions01:20

Anatomy of the Brain: Major Regions

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The brain is the most complex organ in the human body. It consists of four main parts: the cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem.
The cerebrum is the largest section of the brain and divides into left and right hemispheres, separated by a deep fissure. The cerebral outer layer of grey matter — the cerebral cortex — comprises elevations called gyri and shallow groves called sulci. The inner portion of white matter includes long nerve fibers known as axons, which connect...
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Brain waves are electrical signals generated by the neurons in the brain, which are regularly monitored to measure mental activities. Brain waves and their frequency ranges can be measured using an electroencephalogram or EEG. There are four main types of brain waves, each with distinct characteristics:
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The Eukaryotic Promoter Region02:40

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The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences.  The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...
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Organization of the Brain01:30

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The brain is an integral component of the nervous system and serves as the center for processing sensory inputs, making decisions, and directing bodily actions. This complex organ is organized into three primary sections: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, each responsible for a range of vital functions.
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Brain Imaging01:14

Brain Imaging

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Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
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Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles01:18

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There are hollow fluid-filled cavities known as ventricles deep inside the human brain. There are two lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere, and each has three different projections — the anterior, inferior, and posterior horns visible from the lateral side. A thin membrane called the septum pellucidum separates the two lateral ventricles. The slender third ventricle in the diencephalon is connected to each lateral ventricle via a channel called the interventricular foramen.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Abbiategrasso Brain Bank Protocol for Collecting, Processing and Characterizing Aging Brains
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Abbiategrasso Brain Bank Protocol for Collecting, Processing and Characterizing Aging Brains

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Distinct Brain Regions in Physiological and Pathological Brain Aging.

Jin San Lee1,2,3, Yu Hyun Park1,2, Seongbeom Park1,2

  • 1Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.

Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
|July 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The precuneus and inferior temporal regions show preserved cortical thickness in physiological brain aging, distinguishing it from Alzheimer's disease (AD) continuum pathologies. Early identification is key for preventing accelerated brain aging.

Keywords:
Alzheimer’s diseasecortical thicknessinferior temporal regionpathological brain agingphysiological brain agingprecuneus

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Structural brain aging research is crucial for understanding age-related diseases and early Alzheimer's disease (AD) continuum.
  • Investigating long-term brain aging trajectories in individuals aged 50 and above is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify distinct brain regions differentiating physiological from pathological brain aging.
  • To utilize advanced cortical thickness measurements for this differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • Included 2,823 cognitively normal (CN) individuals and 2,675 AD continuum patients (SMI, aMCI, AD dementia).
  • Utilized high-resolution 3.0-tesla MRI and surface-based cortical thickness measurements.
  • Employed multiple linear regression analyses to assess age, diagnostic groups, and cortical thickness.

Main Results:

  • Cortical thickness was affected by aging in both CN individuals and AD continuum patients.
  • The precuneus and inferior temporal regions showed relative preservation against age-related thinning.
  • AD continuum patients, including those with subjective memory impairment (SMI), exhibited decreased cortical thickness in the perisylvian region compared to CN individuals.

Conclusions:

  • The precuneus and inferior temporal regions are key indicators distinguishing physiological from pathological brain aging.
  • Early differentiation of age-related pathology is vital for developing preventative strategies against accelerated brain aging.