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Related Concept Videos

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In power systems, the entire setup is divided into protective zones to isolate faults and protect the rest of the network. These zones include generators, transformers, buses, transmission lines, distribution lines, and motors. Each zone can be visualized as a separate room in a house, with each room protected by its own circuit breaker.
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Radial System Protection01:23

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Radial systems employ time-delay overcurrent relays to reduce load interruptions. When a fault occurs, the nearest breaker opens first, while upstream breakers remain closed due to longer delay settings. This approach ensures minimal disruption to the rest of the system.
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Line Protection with Impedance Relays01:27

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Coordinating time-delay overcurrent relays in complex radial systems and directional overcurrent relays in multi-source transmission loops can be challenging. Impedance relays address these issues by responding to the voltage-to-current ratio, specifically measuring the apparent impedance of a line. These relays become more sensitive during faults as current increases and voltage decreases, thereby reducing the apparent impedance.
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Personal protective equipment (PPE) is unique clothing or equipment worn by an employee to minimize or prevent exposure to infectious agents. PPE creates a barrier between the employee and the infectious materials. PPE must be readily available in the patient care area. PPE includes gloves, gowns and aprons, masks and respirators, goggles, face shields, shoes, and headcovers:
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CXCR5+ CD8 T Cells: Protective or Pathogenic?

Kristen M Valentine1, Katrina K Hoyer2

  • 1Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States.

Frontiers in Immunology
|July 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel subset of CD8 T cells expressing CXCR5 has been identified within the B cell follicle. These CXCR5+ CD8 T cells influence immune responses in chronic infections and autoimmune diseases.

Keywords:
B cell follicleCD8 T cellsautoimmune diseasecancerchronic viral infectiongerminal center

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • CD8 T cells are not typically associated with germinal center reactions.
  • A novel subset of CXCR5+ CD8 T cells has been identified within B cell follicles and germinal centers during chronic antigen exposure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define the characteristics and functional role of this novel CXCR5+ CD8 T cell subset.
  • To investigate the involvement of CXCR5+ CD8 T cells in immune responses and disease pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Identification and characterization of CXCR5+ CD8 T cells in human and murine models.
  • Transcriptional and phenotypic analysis of the identified T cell subset.
  • Assessment of functional roles in viral infection and autoimmune disease models.

Main Results:

  • CXCR5+ CD8 T cells exhibit features of non-exhausted, effector memory cells.
  • Their localization in B cell follicles suggests a role analogous to T follicular helper cells.
  • These cells modulate viral load during infection and contribute to autoimmune disease progression.

Conclusions:

  • The discovery of CXCR5+ CD8 T cells challenges traditional views of germinal center reactions.
  • This T cell subset plays a significant role in both protective immunity and autoimmune pathogenesis.
  • Understanding CXCR5+ CD8 T cells may offer new therapeutic strategies for various diseases.