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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory
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Testing Episodic Memory in Elderly Subjects: Not as Simple as It Looks.

Leo Boelaarts1, Sascha R A Meyer1,2, Philip Scheltens3

  • 1Department of Geriatric Medicine, NoordWest Hospital, Alkmaar, The Netherlands.

Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra
|July 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study found that strictly following the Visual Association Test (VAT) protocol significantly reduced missing data in older adults. The 15 Word Test (15WT) proved too difficult for many seniors, suggesting VAT is more suitable for this population.

Keywords:
AgingAlzheimer's diseaseEpisodic memoryNeuropsychological tests

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology
  • Clinical Psychology

Background:

  • Episodic memory tests are often not designed for older adults, potentially leading to incomplete assessments in memory clinics.
  • Older subjects may struggle with existing memory tests, causing difficulties in test administration and data collection.
  • Assessing the applicability of standard episodic memory tests in elderly populations is crucial for accurate diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the feasibility of preventing aborted test administrations in older subjects by strictly adhering to test protocols.
  • To compare the performance and suitability of the Visual Association Test (VAT) and the 15 Word Test (15WT) in elderly individuals with varying cognitive statuses.
  • To determine if strict protocol adherence can improve data completeness for episodic memory tests in seniors.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study involving memory outpatient subjects with a mean age of 74.5 years.
  • Primary outcomes included the number of missing values and test results for the Visual Association Test (VAT) and the 15 Word Test (15WT).
  • Strict adherence to the established test protocols was implemented for all participants.

Main Results:

  • Strict adherence to the VAT protocol led to a tenfold decrease in missing values.
  • The 15 Word Test (15WT) could not be completed as intended for a significant portion of patients due to its demanding nature.
  • Floor effects were more pronounced in the 15WT compared to the VAT, indicating greater difficulty for the elderly cohort.

Conclusions:

  • Strict adherence to the test protocol for the Visual Association Test (VAT) effectively reduces missing data in older subjects.
  • The 15 Word Test (15WT) demonstrates unsuitability for older populations due to high patient-reported difficulty and significant floor effects.
  • The Visual Association Test (VAT) is favored for use in senior subjects, while the 15WT should be used with caution or avoided in this demographic.