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Related Concept Videos

The Evidence for Evolution02:55

The Evidence for Evolution

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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
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Eukaryotic Evolution01:24

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The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
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Synteny and Evolution02:31

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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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Related Experiment Video

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Derivation of a Human Brain Organoid with Microglia Development
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Brain organoids and insights on human evolution.

Alysson R Muotri1,2,3,4,5

  • 1Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.

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|July 6, 2019
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Summary

Human brain organoids, derived from pluripotent stem cells, offer new evolutionary insights. These models advance our understanding of neurodevelopment and potential human health benefits.

Keywords:
brain organoidsevolutionpluripotent stem cells

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Human brain organoids are derived from pluripotent stem cells.
  • They are used for modeling early human neurodevelopment.
  • Their application as evolutionary tools is a growing area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current applications of brain organoids from various species.
  • To highlight molecular and cellular insights gained from these studies.
  • To discuss the potential benefits for human health and future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on interspecies brain organoid studies.
  • Analysis of molecular and cellular data from brain organoid research.
  • Discussion of technological limitations and future prospects.

Main Results:

  • Brain organoids provide a platform for studying species-specific neurodevelopment.
  • Comparative studies reveal conserved and divergent molecular pathways.
  • Organoid models offer insights into evolutionary trajectories of brain complexity.

Conclusions:

  • Brain organoids are valuable tools for evolutionary developmental biology.
  • They hold promise for understanding human brain evolution and health.
  • Further research is needed to overcome current limitations and expand applications.