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Induced-fit Model01:13

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Most chemical reactions in cells require enzymes—biological catalysts that speed up the reaction without being consumed or permanently changed. They reduce the activation energy needed to convert the reactants into products. Enzymes are proteins, that usually work by binding to a substrate—a reactant molecule that they act upon.
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Spontaneous mutations arise infrequently during DNA replication due to errors in the process. A key factor behind these errors is tautomeric shifts in nitrogenous bases, where bases transition from keto to enol forms or amino to imino forms. This shift can alter base-pairing rules, leading to mutations. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from aerobic metabolism can damage DNA, resulting in depurination (loss of a purine base) or depyrimidination (loss of a pyrimidine base).
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Induced Electric Dipoles01:28

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A permanent electric dipole orients itself along an external electric field. This rotation can be quantified by defining the potential energy because the external torque does work in rotating it. Then, the potential energy is minimum at the parallel configuration and maximum at the antiparallel configuration. While the former is a stable equilibrium, the latter is an unstable equilibrium.
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The fact that emfs are induced in circuits implies that work is being done on the conduction electrons in the wires. What can possibly be the source of this work? We know that it’s neither a battery nor a magnetic field, as a battery does not have to be present in a circuit where current is induced, and magnetic fields never do any work on moving charges. The source of the work is in fact an electric field that is induced in the wires. For example, if a stationary conductor is placed in a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Generation of 3D Skin Organoid from Cord Blood-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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[Dabigatran-induced oesophagitis].

Berbel L M Ykema1, Michael M P J A van der Voorn1, Abha Bhalla1,2

  • 1Hagaziekenhuis, afd. Maag-Darm-Leverziekten, Den Haag.

Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde
|July 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Dabigatran, a direct oral anticoagulant, can cause esophageal inflammation (esophagitis). Early recognition and patient education are key to managing this gastrointestinal side effect.

Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Dabigatran is a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) used as an alternative to vitamin K antagonists.
  • Gastrointestinal side effects are known complications of dabigatran therapy.
  • This article details a case of dabigatran-induced esophagitis and reviews existing literature.

Observation:

  • An 87-year-old female patient presented with nausea and melena after switching from phenprocoumon to dabigatran.
  • Endoscopic examination revealed distal esophageal ulceration and exfoliation, indicative of dabigatran-induced esophagitis.
  • Symptoms resolved with intravenous proton-pump inhibitor treatment, and esophageal mucosa healed within 8 weeks.

Findings:

  • Dabigatran can induce esophagitis, characterized by specific endoscopic findings.

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  • Prompt treatment with proton-pump inhibitors can effectively manage dabigatran-induced esophagitis.
  • Complete mucosal healing is achievable within a defined timeframe.

    • Implications:

    • Increased recognition of dabigatran-induced esophagitis is crucial due to the growing use of this anticoagulant.
    • Thorough patient instructions on dabigatran administration are essential for preventing esophageal injury.
    • This case highlights the importance of considering drug-induced esophagitis in patients on DOACs.