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Related Concept Videos

Amyloid Fibrils03:03

Amyloid Fibrils

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Amyloid fibrils are aggregates of misfolded proteins.  Under most circumstances, misfolded proteins are either refolded by chaperone proteins or degraded by the proteasome. However, in the case of a mutation or a disease, these proteins can accumulate to form large clusters and often further assemble to form elongated fibers, called fibrils. 
Amyloid deposits were observed as early as 1639 in the liver and the spleen.   In 1854, Rudolph Virchow performed iodine staining,...
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Amyloid Fibrils03:03

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Aggregates Classification01:29

Aggregates Classification

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Aggregate classification is generally based on its size, petrographic characteristics, weight, and source. Size classification ranges from coarse to fine aggregates, defined by the size of the particles. Coarse aggregates are particles that do not pass through ASTM sieve No. 4, and aggregates that pass through the sieve are fine aggregates.
Petrographic classification groups aggregates based on common mineralogical characteristics. Some of the common mineral groups found in aggregates are...
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Bonding and Strength of Aggregate01:12

Bonding and Strength of Aggregate

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The bond between aggregate particles and the cement matrix is significantly influenced by the shape and surface texture of the aggregates. High-strength concretes benefit from a rougher texture, which leads to stronger bonding due to greater adhesion. Angular aggregates with larger surface areas also enhance this bond. The bonding quality, however, is complex to assess as no universally accepted test exists. Good bonding is indicated when a crushed concrete specimen shows some aggregate...
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Specific Gravity of Aggregate01:19

Specific Gravity of Aggregate

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Aggregates typically contain pores, which can be either permeable or impermeable. Considering the pores in the aggregates, the specific gravity of aggregates is defined in three different forms, namely, bulk or gross specific gravity, apparent specific gravity, and absolute specific gravity.
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Bulk Density of Aggregate01:22

Bulk Density of Aggregate

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Bulk density refers to the mass of aggregate particles that would fill a unit volume. The concept of bulk density originates from the inability to pack aggregate particles in a manner that completely eliminates void spaces. Hence, the term bulk refers to the volume that encompasses both the aggregates and the voids. This measurement is crucial when aggregates are batched by volume and is used to convert quantities by mass to volume.
Most natural mineral aggregates, like sand and gravel,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Use of Two Dimensional Semi-denaturing Detergent Agarose Gel Electrophoresis to Confirm Size Heterogeneity of Amyloid or Amyloid-like Fibers
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Use of Two Dimensional Semi-denaturing Detergent Agarose Gel Electrophoresis to Confirm Size Heterogeneity of Amyloid or Amyloid-like Fibers

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β-Amyloid aggregation and heterogeneous nucleation.

Atul K Srivastava1,2, Jay M Pittman2, Jonathan Zerweck1,2

  • 1Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.

Protein Science : a Publication of the Protein Society
|July 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Heterogeneous nucleation significantly drives beta-amyloid aggregation, especially on lipid surfaces and with metal ions. This process is key to amyloid polymorphism and cooperative aggregation effects.

Keywords:
Alzheimer diseaseamyloid-β (Aβ) aggregationcholesterolgangliosidesheterogeneous nucleationlipidsmetal ions

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Beta-amyloid (β-amyloid) aggregation is central to amyloid diseases.
  • Heterogeneous nucleation is a critical pathway in protein aggregation.
  • Amyloid polymorphism is a defining characteristic, often arising during nucleation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of heterogeneous nucleation in β-amyloid aggregation.
  • To identify key heterogeneous nucleators for β-amyloid.
  • To understand the mechanisms by which nucleators influence aggregation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and analysis of known β-amyloid nucleators.
  • Focus on lipid surfaces (gangliosides, cholesterol) and divalent metal ions.
  • Examination of peptide amphiphilicity in relation to nucleation.

Main Results:

  • Heterogeneous nucleation is more prevalent and occurs at lower supersaturation than homogeneous nucleation.
  • Lipid surfaces and divalent metal ions are significant heterogeneous nucleators for β-amyloid.
  • The amphiphilic nature of β-amyloid peptides facilitates interaction with these nucleators.
  • Cooperative interactions between different nucleator classes can enhance aggregation.

Conclusions:

  • Heterogeneous nucleation is a primary driver of β-amyloid aggregation and polymorphism.
  • Lipid surfaces and metal ions play crucial roles in initiating and modulating β-amyloid assembly.
  • Understanding these nucleation pathways is vital for therapeutic strategies targeting amyloid diseases.