Fenugreek seed gum: Biological properties, chemical modifications, and structural analysis- A review

Fenugreek is a leguminous plant belongs to the family Fabaceae, which is extensively cultivated as a semiarid crop in Northern Africa, the Mediterranean, India, and Canada. In the present review paper, first we summarized the extraction, purification, chemical composition, molecular structure, and rheological behavior of the mucilages isolated from Fenugreek seeds (FSG), and then their functional properties presented to elucidate the potential application of this traditional source of hydrocolloids in food, pharmaceutical, and other industries. To date, there is no technique that can successfully remove the attached protein from FSG. From a structural point of view, galactose and mannose are the most abundant polysaccharide in FSG composition, suggesting a galactomannan-like structure. FSG is the most soluble of the seed gums. FSG solutions at various temperatures and concentrations showed a time-dependent shear thinning behavior. Furthermore, these hydrocolloids can be employed for the fabrication of eco-friendly packaging systems. Antioxidant capacity and anti-fungi activity of FSG has been proved in different studies. In conclusion, industrial applications of FSG are possible due to its strong thickening properties. Additionally, FSG has an excellent emulsification capacity, which enables its application in the food, cosmetic and/or pharmaceutical industries.