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Related Concept Videos

The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

50.7K
The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
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Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

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The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
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Hearing01:31

Hearing

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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Nerve Supply of the GI Tract01:27

Nerve Supply of the GI Tract

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The neuronal supply to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is essential for regulating various functions, including digestion, absorption, and movement of food. This intricate network of nerves is known as the enteric nervous system (ENS), often referred to as the "second brain" of the body.
The enteric nervous system consists of two major plexuses: the myenteric plexus (Auerbach's plexus) and the submucosal plexus (Meissner's plexus). These plexuses are located within the layers of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Optogenetic Stimulation of the Auditory Nerve
10:53

Optogenetic Stimulation of the Auditory Nerve

Published on: October 8, 2014

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Cochlea and auditory nerve.

Jos J Eggermont1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|July 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cochlear microphonic (CM) and summating potential (SP) reflect cochlear hair cell function, measurable via electrocochleography (ECochG). These electrophysiological measures aid in diagnosing auditory neuropathy and differentiating Ménière

Keywords:
Auditory neuropathyEfferent innervationElectrocochleographyMénière's diseaseVestibular schwannoma

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Extracting the Cochlea from a Human Temporal Bone: A Cadaveric Protocol
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Area of Science:

  • Auditory Neuroscience
  • Otoacoustic Emissions
  • Electrophysiology

Background:

  • Cochlear hair cell function is essential for auditory transduction.
  • Cochlear microphonic (CM) and summating potential (SP) are electrophysiological indicators of hair cell activity.
  • Electrocochleography (ECochG) is a key technique for measuring CM and SP.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the diagnostic utility of CM and SP in auditory disorders.
  • To explore the role of narrow-band action potentials (NAPs) in differentiating cochlear pathologies.
  • To assess the potential of ECochG in distinguishing Ménière's disease from vestibular schwannomas.

Main Methods:

  • Measurement of cochlear microphonic (CM) and summating potential (SP) using electrocochleography (ECochG).
  • Analysis of compound action potentials (CAPs) and their decomposition into narrow-band action potentials (NAPs) via frequency-selective masking.
  • Evaluation of the suppressive effect of contralateral stimulation on otoacoustic emission amplitude to assess efferent system function.

Main Results:

  • The presence of CM with an absence of CAPs is characteristic of auditory neuropathy.
  • While increased SPs are associated with Ménière's disease, they lack diagnostic specificity.
  • Incorporating NAP waveforms improves the differentiation between Ménière's disease and vestibular schwannomas.

Conclusions:

  • ECochG-derived CM and SP are valuable tools in audiological diagnostics.
  • NAP analysis enhances the differential diagnosis of cochlear and retrocochlear disorders.
  • Efferent system integrity can be assessed through otoacoustic emission suppression.