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Related Concept Videos

Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Language01:16

Language

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Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
Corballis and Suddendorf (2007) and Tomasello and Rakoczy (2003) highlight the role of language in...
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Components of Language01:24

Components of Language

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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Language Development01:22

Language Development

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
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Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Functional Imaging of Auditory Cortex in Adult Cats using High-field fMRI
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Functional Imaging of Auditory Cortex in Adult Cats using High-field fMRI

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The auditory and association cortex and language evaluation methods.

Andrew C Papanicolaou1, Roozbeh Rezaie1, Panagiotis G Simos2

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States; Neuroscience Institute Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|July 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This chapter reviews cortical specialization for language, detailing classic and modern models. It compares invasive and noninvasive brain mapping methods for assessing language networks and hemispheric dominance.

Keywords:
Cortical stimulation mappingFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)LanguageLateralityMagnetoencephalography (MEG)Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)Wada procedure

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Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Neurolinguistics

Background:

  • The canonical model of cortical language specialization, originating from Broca and Wernicke, implicates the inferior frontal gyrus and posterior temporal cortex.
  • Modern understanding incorporates lesion-symptom correlations and functional brain mapping techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current concepts of cortical language specialization.
  • To describe methods for assessing language specialization and hemispheric dominance for speech.

Main Methods:

  • Invasive methods: Wada procedure for hemispheric dominance, cortical stimulation mapping for language network hubs.
  • Noninvasive methods: functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), magnetoencephalography (MEG), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for dominance and network localization.

Main Results:

  • Comparison of advantages and disadvantages of various assessment methods.
  • Facilitation of method selection for evaluating the language network's locus.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding cortical language specialization relies on both historical models and advanced neuroimaging techniques.
  • A critical evaluation of invasive and noninvasive methods aids in precise localization of language functions.