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Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Movement Retraining using Real-time Feedback of Performance
Published on: January 17, 2013
Hard Limits and Performance Tradeoffs in a Class of Antithetic Integral Feedback Networks
Noah Olsman1, Ania-Ariadna Baetica2, Fangzhou Xiao3
1Department of Control and Dynamical Systems, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
Abstract:
Feedback regulation is pervasive in biology at both the organismal and cellular level. In this article, we explore the properties of a particular biomolecular feedback mechanism called antithetic integral feedback, which can be implemented using the binding of two molecules. Our work develops an analytic framework for understanding the hard limits, performance tradeoffs, and architectural properties of this simple model of biological feedback control. Using tools from control theory, we show that there are simple parametric relationships that determine both the stability and the performance of these systems in terms of speed, robustness, steady-state error, and leakiness. These findings yield a holistic understanding of the behavior of antithetic integral feedback and contribute to a more general theory of biological control systems.
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