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Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Closure of a Patent Foramen Ovale PFO: An Intervention Sequence
Published on: December 23, 2022
Complications during catheter-mediated patent ductus arteriosus closure and pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty
M Claretti1, B S Lopez1, E Boz1
1Department of Cardiology, Clinica Veterinaria Gran Sasso, 20131, Milan, Italy.
Objectives:
To evaluate and illustrate complications of cardiac catheterisation and the associated risk factors of the most common cardiac intervention procedures.
Materials And Methods:
Retrospective study of clinical records of client-owned dogs presented to a cardiology referral centre between January 2006 and December 2017.
Results:
Five hundred and twenty-four dogs were included, 62 of which had complications. Complications were divided into technical complications and those due to unexpected additional anatomical abnormalities. Seven procedures (1.33%) were interrupted; five dogs (0.95%) subsequently underwent surgery, and four dogs died during the interventional procedure, indicating a mortality rate of 0.76% CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: There is a low risk of complications following closure of patent ductus arteriosus or pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty when carried out by a trained team using standardised procedures in a referral centre.
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