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Related Concept Videos

Control Volume and System Representations01:16

Control Volume and System Representations

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Two key frameworks are employed to analyze mass, energy, and momentum transfer: the control volume approach and the system approach. These frameworks offer different perspectives, depending on whether the focus is on a specific region in space (control volume approach) or a defined mass of fluid (system approach).
The control volume approach considers a stationary region in space through which fluid flows. This region is bounded by a control surface.  For instance, in the case of water...
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Linear Momentum in Control Volume01:13

Linear Momentum in Control Volume

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Newton's second law is applied to obtain the linear momentum in a control volume in a fluid system. According to this law, the rate of change of linear momentum is equal to the sum of external forces acting on the system. When a control volume matches the fluid system at a specific moment, the forces acting on both are identical. Reynolds transport theorem helps explain this by breaking down the system's linear momentum into two components: the rate of change of linear momentum within...
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Conservation of Energy in Control Volume01:14

Conservation of Energy in Control Volume

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Consider a turbine operating under steady-flow conditions. The control volume is drawn around the turbine, with fluid entering at one point and exiting at another. The turbine extracts energy from the fluid, which performs mechanical work (shaft work).
For steady flow systems, the time derivative of the stored energy becomes zero since there is no energy accumulation within the control volume. This simplifies the energy equation to:
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Conservation of Mass in Fixed, Nondeforming Control Volume01:07

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The principle of conservation of mass is fundamental in fluid dynamics and is crucial for analyzing flow within fixed control volumes, such as pipes or ducts. This principle states that the total mass within a control volume remains constant unless altered by the inflow or outflow of mass through the control surfaces. This results in a vital relationship for steady, incompressible flow where the mass entering a system equals the mass leaving it.
In the case of a sewer pipe, which can be modeled...
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Conservation of Mass in Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume01:14

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Stormwater detention basins are essential in managing runoff during heavy rainfall, particularly in urban areas where impervious surfaces increase the risk of flooding. Understanding the conservation of mass in these systems allows engineers to optimize basin performance, balancing inflow, outflow, and water storage.
In the context of a detention basin, the conservation of mass states that the total mass of water entering the basin must equal the mass leaving the basin plus any accumulation of...
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Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches01:23

Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches

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Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
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The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
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Brain volume dynamics in multiple sclerosis. A case-control study.

Athina Andravizou1, Artemios Artemiadis2, Christos Bakirtzis3

  • 1Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly , Larissa , Greece.

Neurological Research
|July 9, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brain atrophy in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) primarily affects subcortical grey matter, especially in the first five years post-diagnosis. Higher education may offer a protective effect against this brain volume change.

Keywords:
BVLMRIMultiple sclerosisatrophybrainvolumetric

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Radiology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is characterized by unpredictable neurological attacks.
  • Brain volume loss (atrophy) is a key indicator of disease progression in MS.
  • Understanding the dynamics of brain atrophy is crucial for managing RRMS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the extent and clinical significance of brain volume changes in RRMS patients.
  • To identify factors influencing brain atrophy rates in RRMS.
  • To compare brain volume dynamics between RRMS patients and healthy controls.

Main Methods:

  • Sixty-three RRMS patients and 50 healthy controls underwent MRI scans using high-resolution 3D T1W sequences.
  • Cross-sectional and longitudinal volumetric data were analyzed using SIENA(X) and FIRST software.
  • Brain volume changes and atrophy rates were calculated and compared between groups.

Main Results:

  • RRMS patients exhibited significantly reduced subcortical brain volumes compared to controls.
  • The rate of right thalamus atrophy was predicted by educational level.
  • Mean annualized brain volume change was -0.92%, with accelerated atrophy in the first five years post-diagnosis.

Conclusions:

  • Subcortical grey matter structures are predominantly affected by brain atrophy in RRMS.
  • Brain atrophy is more pronounced in the initial years following an MS diagnosis.
  • Educational attainment may play a buffering role in mitigating brain atrophy in RRMS.