Testosterone: Functions and Regulation
High-Level and Low-Level Awareness
Leveling Effect
Levels of Organization
Fermi Level
Trophic Levels
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Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Modeling Neural Immune Signaling of Episodic and Chronic Migraine Using Spreading Depression In Vitro
Published on: June 13, 2011
Lisa B E Shields1, Tad Seifert1, Brent J Shelton2
1Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY.
Men with chronic migraine may have lower total serum testosterone levels. This pilot study found significantly reduced testosterone in men with chronic migraine compared to normative data.
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