Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors01:23

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors

614
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a...
614
Piaget's Stage 4 of Cognitive Development01:19

Piaget's Stage 4 of Cognitive Development

596
The formal operational stage, as described in Piaget's cognitive development theory, begins around age 11 and extends into adulthood. It marks the emergence of advanced cognitive abilities that differentiate adolescent and adult thinking from those of younger children. This stage is characterized by abstract reasoning, hypothetical-deductive reasoning, and a more complex understanding of self and others.
Abstract Reasoning and Hypothetical-Deductive Thinking
Unlike the concrete operational...
596
Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction01:20

Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

6.2K
Amide reduction with strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution to form amines. Primary, secondary, and tertiary amides yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, respectively.
Amide reduction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent, acting as a source of hydride ions. As shown in the figure, the reaction is initiated with a nucleophilic attack by the hydride ion at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate.
6.2K
Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction00:55

Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

4.6K
Nitriles are reduced to amines in the presence of strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent. The reducing agent acts as a source of hydride ions.
As shown below, the mechanism involves three steps. Firstly, the hydride ion acting as a nucleophile attacks the nitrile carbon to form an anion. In the second step, a second equivalent of the hydride ion attacks the anion to...
4.6K
Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction01:19

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction

3.9K
Acid halides are reduced to alcohols in the presence of a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride.
The mechanism proceeds in three steps. First, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid halide to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Next, the carbonyl group is re-formed, and the halide ion departs as a leaving group, generating an aldehyde. A second nucleophilic attack by the hydride yields an alkoxide ion, which, upon protonation, gives a primary alcohol as...
3.9K
Criteria for Aromaticity and the Hückel 4n + 2 Rule01:20

Criteria for Aromaticity and the Hückel 4n + 2 Rule

12.9K
Like benzene, cyclobutadiene and cyclooctatetraene are cyclic compounds with alternate single and double bonds. However, their chemical behavior differs from benzene, as they are unstable and not aromatic. So, what are the structural characteristics of unsaturated compounds categorized as aromatic?  
For the first time, Eric Hückel, a German chemical physicist, derived a set of structural features for a compound to be classified as aromatic. This is now known as Hückel’s rule or the 4n +...
12.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Nonreciprocal Current-Induced Zero-Resistance State in Valley-Polarized Superconductors.

Physical review letters·2025
Same author

Misfit layered superconductor (PbSe)<sub>1.14</sub>(NbSe<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub> with possible layer-selective FFLO state.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Field-Free Superconducting Diode Effect in Layered Superconductor FeSe.

Physical review letters·2025
Same author

Superconducting Meron Phase in Locally Noncentrosymmetric Superconductors.

Physical review letters·2025
Same author

Non-Hermitian Topology in Hermitian Topological Matter.

Physical review letters·2025
Same author

A symmetry-protected exceptional ring in a photonic crystal with negative index media.

Nanophotonics (Berlin, Germany)·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Comparison of Two Different Synthesis Methods of Single Crystals of Superconducting Uranium Ditelluride
04:51

Comparison of Two Different Synthesis Methods of Single Crystals of Superconducting Uranium Ditelluride

Published on: July 8, 2021

3.2K

Z_{4} Topological Superconductivity in UCoGe.

Akito Daido1, Tsuneya Yoshida2, Youichi Yanase1

  • 1Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.

Physical Review Letters
|July 9, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Researchers identified UCoGe as a potential material for Z4 topological nonsymmorphic crystalline superconductivity (TNCS), featuring unique surface states. This discovery advances the study of topological phases in superconductors.

More Related Videos

Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Resonators
10:26

Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Resonators

Published on: May 21, 2016

11.9K
Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform
05:39

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Published on: August 2, 2019

10.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Comparison of Two Different Synthesis Methods of Single Crystals of Superconducting Uranium Ditelluride
04:51

Comparison of Two Different Synthesis Methods of Single Crystals of Superconducting Uranium Ditelluride

Published on: July 8, 2021

3.2K
Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Resonators
10:26

Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Resonators

Published on: May 21, 2016

11.9K
Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform
05:39

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Published on: August 2, 2019

10.3K

Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Quantum Materials

Background:

  • Topological nonsymmorphic crystalline superconductivity (TNCS) is a complex quantum phase.
  • Z4 topological phases within TNCS exhibit unique surface states (Möbius strip/hourglass).
  • Material realization of Z4 TNCS has remained elusive.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and investigate UCoGe as a candidate material for Z4-nontrivial TNCS.
  • To explore the role of glide symmetry in achieving Z4 TNCS.
  • To provide a theoretical framework for identifying Z4 TNCS materials.

Main Methods:

  • Derivation of formulas linking Z4 invariants to Fermi surface topology.
  • Application of derived formulas to ab initio calculations for UCoGe.
  • Analysis of electronic band structures and symmetry properties.

Main Results:

  • UCoGe under pressure is proposed as a promising candidate for Z4-nontrivial TNCS.
  • Three out of four odd-parity representations in UCoGe exhibit Z4-nontrivial TNCS.
  • The remaining representation shows Z2-nontrivial TNCS.

Conclusions:

  • The study establishes UCoGe as a potential material platform for exploring Z4 TNCS.
  • The findings pave the way for experimental verification of Z4 topological surface states.
  • Potential Z4 TNCS in CrAs and related materials are also discussed.