Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Indicators02:39

Indicators

59.8K
Certain organic substances change color in dilute solution when the hydronium ion concentration reaches a particular value. For example, phenolphthalein is a colorless substance in any aqueous solution with a hydronium ion concentration greater than 5.0 × 10−9 M (pH < 8.3). In more basic solutions where the hydronium ion concentration is less than 5.0 × 10−9 M (pH > 8.3), it is red or pink. Substances such as phenolphthalein, which can be used to determine the pH of a solution, are...
59.8K
Encoding01:19

Encoding

770
Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
Automatic processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, usually done without conscious...
770
Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

9.0K
Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
9.0K
Voltage01:13

Voltage

3.8K
The movement of electrons in a conductor requires some form of energy or work, usually provided by an external force, like a battery. This force is called the electromotive force or voltage. The voltage between two points, referred to as points "a" and "b," in an electric circuit is the energy (or work) needed to move a unit charge from point "a" to point "b," and this relationship is expressed mathematically as
3.8K
What is Population Genetics?01:25

What is Population Genetics?

64.5K
A population is composed of members of the same species that simultaneously live and interact in the same area. When individuals in a population breed, they pass down their genes to their offspring. Many of these genes are polymorphic, meaning that they occur in multiple variants. Such variations of a gene are referred to as alleles. The collective set of all the alleles within a population is known as the gene pool.
64.5K
Genetics of Speciation02:16

Genetics of Speciation

20.9K
Speciation is the evolutionary process resulting in the formation of new, distinct species—groups of reproductively isolated populations.
20.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Prodromal changes in cortical neuron physiology before amyloid pathology in a mild model of Alzheimer's disease.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Epigenetic Reprogramming of Cell Identity in the Rat Primary Neuron-Glia Cultures Involves Histone Serotonylation.

Cells·2025
Same author

Regulatory Elements for Gene Therapy of Epilepsy.

Cells·2025
Same author

The Impact of Optical Undersampling on the Ca<sup>2+</sup> Signal Resolution in Ca<sup>2+</sup> Imaging of Spontaneous Neuronal Activity.

Journal of integrative neuroscience·2025
Same author

Calcium Indicators with Fluorescence Lifetime-Based Signal Readout: A Structure-Function Study.

International journal of molecular sciences·2024
Same author

DNA Methylation and Histone Acetylation Contribute to the Maintenance of LTP in the Withdrawal Behavior Interneurons in Terrestrial Snails.

Cells·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Imaging Membrane Potential with Two Types of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Voltage Sensors
09:57

Imaging Membrane Potential with Two Types of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Voltage Sensors

Published on: February 4, 2016

11.2K

Red Fluorescent Genetically Encoded Voltage Indicators with Millisecond Responsiveness.

Liubov A Kost1, Violetta O Ivanova2, Pavel M Balaban2

  • 1Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Optimizing linkers in voltage indicators significantly speeds up their response. Shorter linkers in fluorescent protein voltage sensors accelerate signal detection, aiding in the design of improved neural activity monitoring tools.

Keywords:
biosensing techniqueselectrophysiologygenetically encoded voltage indicatorsinterdomain linkersmembrane voltagered fluorescent proteinsvoltage sensors

More Related Videos

Optical Quantification of Intracellular pH in Drosophila melanogaster Malpighian Tubule Epithelia with a Fluorescent Genetically-encoded pH Indicator
11:54

Optical Quantification of Intracellular pH in Drosophila melanogaster Malpighian Tubule Epithelia with a Fluorescent Genetically-encoded pH Indicator

Published on: August 11, 2017

10.6K
Imaging Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uptake in Astrocytes and Neurons using Genetically Encoded Ca2+ Indicators GECIs
07:46

Imaging Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uptake in Astrocytes and Neurons using Genetically Encoded Ca2+ Indicators GECIs

Published on: January 22, 2022

4.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Imaging Membrane Potential with Two Types of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Voltage Sensors
09:57

Imaging Membrane Potential with Two Types of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Voltage Sensors

Published on: February 4, 2016

11.2K
Optical Quantification of Intracellular pH in Drosophila melanogaster Malpighian Tubule Epithelia with a Fluorescent Genetically-encoded pH Indicator
11:54

Optical Quantification of Intracellular pH in Drosophila melanogaster Malpighian Tubule Epithelia with a Fluorescent Genetically-encoded pH Indicator

Published on: August 11, 2017

10.6K
Imaging Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uptake in Astrocytes and Neurons using Genetically Encoded Ca2+ Indicators GECIs
07:46

Imaging Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uptake in Astrocytes and Neurons using Genetically Encoded Ca2+ Indicators GECIs

Published on: January 22, 2022

4.6K

Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Genetically encoded fluorescent indicators rely on sensitive and reporter protein domains linked by amino acid sequences.
  • The linker's length and composition critically influence indicator performance, alongside the protein domains themselves.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To optimize the interdomain linkers of VSD-FR189-188, a red fluorescent protein-based voltage indicator.
  • To evaluate the impact of linker shortening on indicator dynamic range, response speed, and polarity.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized 13 shortened linker variants of the VSD-FR189-188 voltage indicator.
  • Monitored dynamic range, response speed, and fluorescence polarity changes in response to voltage shifts for each variant.

Main Results:

  • Shortened linkers did not enhance contrast but significantly improved response speed.
  • Certain variants with very short linkers exhibited a 25-fold faster response compared to the original indicator.
  • Identified a critical linker length where the fluorescence response polarity shifts from negative to positive.

Conclusions:

  • Linker optimization is crucial for enhancing the performance of fluorescent protein-derived voltage indicators.
  • Shorter interdomain linkers can dramatically increase response speed without compromising (or negatively impacting) dynamic range.
  • These findings provide valuable insights for designing next-generation voltage indicators with improved temporal resolution.