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Related Concept Videos

Dynamic Equilibrium02:20

Dynamic Equilibrium

62.0K
A reversible chemical reaction represents a chemical process that proceeds in both forward (left to right) and reverse (right to left) directions. When the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, the concentrations of the reactant and product species remain constant over time and the system is at equilibrium. A special double arrow is used to emphasize the reversible nature of the reaction. The relative concentrations of reactants and products in equilibrium systems vary greatly;...
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Free Energy and Equilibrium02:56

Free Energy and Equilibrium

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The free energy change for a process may be viewed as a measure of its driving force. A negative value for ΔG represents a driving force for the process in the forward direction, while a positive value represents a driving force for the process in the reverse direction. When ΔGrxn is zero, the forward and reverse driving forces are equal, and the process occurs in both directions at the same rate (the system is at equilibrium).
Recall that Q is the numerical value of the mass action...
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Calculating the Equilibrium Constant02:46

Calculating the Equilibrium Constant

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The equilibrium constant for a reaction is calculated from the equilibrium concentrations (or pressures) of its reactants and products. If these concentrations are known, the calculation simply involves their substitution into the Kc expression.
For example, gaseous nitrogen dioxide forms dinitrogen tetroxide according to this equation:
37.6K
Solution Equilibrium and Saturation01:59

Solution Equilibrium and Saturation

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Imagine adding a small amount of sugar to a glass of water, stirring until all the sugar has dissolved, and then adding a bit more. You can repeat this process until the sugar concentration of the solution reaches its natural limit, a limit determined primarily by the relative strengths of the solute-solute, solute-solvent, and solvent-solvent attractive forces. You can be certain that you have reached this limit because, no matter how long you stir the solution, undissolved sugar remains. The...
21.6K
Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations02:05

Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations

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Being able to calculate equilibrium concentrations is essential to many areas of science and technology—for example, in the formulation and dosing of pharmaceutical products. After a drug is ingested or injected, it is typically involved in several chemical equilibria that affect its ultimate concentration in the body system of interest. Knowledge of the quantitative aspects of these equilibria is required to compute a dosage amount that will solicit the desired therapeutic effect.
A more...
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The Equilibrium Binding Constant and Binding Strength02:18

The Equilibrium Binding Constant and Binding Strength

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The equilibrium binding constant (Kb) quantifies the strength of a protein-ligand interaction. Kb can be calculated as follows when the reaction is at equilibrium:
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Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids
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Equilibrium Model for Supramolecular Copolymerizations.

Huub M M Ten Eikelder, Beatrice Adelizzi, Anja R A Palmans

    The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study presents a generalized thermodynamic model for supramolecular copolymerization, enabling precise control over copolymer sequence, length, and microstructure. The model offers a unified approach to understanding complex self-assembly processes.

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    Area of Science:

    • Supramolecular chemistry
    • Polymer science
    • Materials science

    Background:

    • Supramolecular copolymers offer tunable properties but lack precise control over structure compared to covalent copolymers.
    • Current models for supramolecular copolymerization are often specific and lack general applicability.
    • Understanding thermodynamic behavior is crucial for rational design of supramolecular copolymer structures.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a generalized thermodynamic model for supramolecular copolymerization.
    • To provide a unified framework encompassing previous models and allowing independent binding free energy control.
    • To enable numerical solutions for complex copolymerization scenarios and investigate microstructure.

    Main Methods:

    • Generalization of existing mass-balance models for supramolecular copolymerization.
    • Development of numerical scripts to solve the generalized model for various monomer and aggregate types.
    • Application and validation of the model using literature data and new experimental data for triarylamine triamide-based copolymers.

    Main Results:

    • The generalized model successfully describes supramolecular copolymerization with independent control over binding free energies.
    • Numerical solutions allow prediction of degree of polymerization, length distributions, and copolymer microstructure.
    • The model's applicability is demonstrated across different solvents and copolymer systems.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed model provides a powerful tool for understanding and controlling supramolecular copolymerization.
    • This approach facilitates the rational design of advanced materials with tailored properties.
    • The study advances the field of supramolecular polymer chemistry by offering a universally applicable thermodynamic framework.