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Related Concept Videos

Social Proof00:52

Social Proof

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Social proof is a form of persuasion based on comparison and conformity. People compare their behavior and actions to what others are doing and will change to conform to do what their peers do.
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People tend to know what behavior is expected of them in specific, familiar settings. A script is a person’s knowledge about the sequence of events expected in a specific setting (Schank & Abelson, 1977). Essentially, scripts are a particular kind of schema, one containing default values for the features within an event. In the restaurant example, the script's features include the props (e.g., tables, menu, food, and money), the roles to be played (e.g., customer and waiter),...
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Social traps are negative situations where people get caught in a direction or relationship that later proves to be unpleasant, with no easy way to back out of or avoid. The concept was orignally introduced by John Platt who applied psychology to Garrett Hardin's "Tragedy of the Commons", where in New England herd owners could let their cattle graze in the common ground. This situation seems like a good idea, but an individual could have an advantage. If they owned...
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Not all intergroup interactions lead to negative outcomes. Sometimes, being in a group situation can improve performance. Social facilitation occurs when an individual performs better when an audience is watching than when the individual performs the behavior alone. This typically occurs when people are performing a task for which they are skilled.
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We have discussed why we form relationships, what attracts us to others, and different types of love. But what determines whether we are satisfied with and stay in a relationship? One theory that provides an explanation is social exchange theory. According to social exchange theory, we act as naïve economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintaining a relationship with others (Rusbult & Van Lange, 2003).
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Another way in which a group presence can affect performance is social loafing—the exertion of less effort by a person working together with a group. Social loafing occurs when our individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group. Thus, group performance declines on easy tasks (Karau & Williams, 1993). Essentially individual group members loaf and let other group members pick up the slack. Because each individual’s efforts cannot be evaluated,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test
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Hierarchical social modularity in gorillas.

Robin E Morrison1, Milou Groenenberg2, Thomas Breuer2,3

  • 11 Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge , Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DZ , UK.

Proceedings. Biological Sciences
|July 11, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hierarchical social organization, common in humans, was found in gorillas. This suggests complex social structures evolved much earlier than previously thought, not unique to human evolution.

Keywords:
Gorillacommunityhierarchicalmodularitymulti-levelsocial structure

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Area of Science:

  • Primatology
  • Evolutionary Anthropology
  • Behavioral Ecology

Background:

  • Modern human societies exhibit hierarchical social modularity (HSM), with nested social units.
  • HSM is thought to have evolved after the human-chimpanzee split, linked to kin recognition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify community structure in western lowland gorillas using network analysis.
  • To investigate if gorillas exhibit hierarchical social organization similar to humans.

Main Methods:

  • Network modularity analysis and hierarchical clustering were applied to two gorilla populations.
  • Genetic data was used to assess kin structuring within social units.

Main Results:

  • Two distinct, hierarchically nested social structure tiers were identified in both gorilla populations.
  • These tiers closely resemble human social tiers.
  • Gorilla social unit membership was kin-structured, similar to humans.
  • Consistent scaling ratios between social tiers were observed in gorillas, mirroring patterns in other species.

Conclusions:

  • Hierarchical social organization may have evolved much earlier than previously believed.
  • This complex social structure might not be exclusive to hominin lineage evolution.