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Related Concept Videos

Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
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Transcription Initiation01:47

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Initiation is the first step of transcription in eukaryotes. Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase (RNAP) can bind to the template DNA and start transcribing. On the other hand, transcription in eukaryotes requires additional proteins, called transcription factors, to first bind to the promoter region in the DNA template. This binding helps recruit the specific RNAP that can assemble on the DNA and start transcription.
The promoters and enhancers and their accessory proteins allow tight regulation of...
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Difference from Background: Limit of Detection01:05

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The limit of detection (LOD) is the smallest amount of analyte that can be distinguished from the background noise. The LOD value corresponds to the concentration at which the analyte signal is three times larger than the standard deviation of the blank signal. Below this value, the analyte signal cannot be differentiated from the background noise. It is calculated by dividing the calibration slope by 3 times the standard deviation of the blank signals.
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Electric Potential and Potential Difference01:16

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Suppose a positive test charge moves away from a positive static charge, then the Coulomb force does positive work, and its electric potential energy decreases. The potential energy per unit charge is defined as the electric potential. The electric potential is independent of the test charge.
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Identifying Statistically Significant Differences: The F-Test01:14

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The F-test is used to compare two sample variances to each other or compare the sample variance to the population variance. It is used to decide whether an indeterminate error can explain the difference in their values. The underlying assumptions that allow the use of the F-test include the data set or sets are normally distributed, and the data sets are independent of each other. The test statistic F is calculated by dividing one variance by another. In other words, the square of one standard...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Author Spotlight: Unraveling the Initial Activation of the Adaptive Immune Response for Therapeutic Intervention
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Prognosis and treatment differences between initial and second primary chondrosarcoma.

Weipu Mao1, Minghao Kong2, Haiyang Yu3

  • 1Department of General Practice, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China.

Oncology Letters
|July 11, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Second primary chondrosarcoma (pCS) is more common in older adults and has a worse prognosis than initial pCS. However, treatment benefits remain similar for both initial and second primary chondrosarcoma.

Keywords:
Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results databaseinitial primary chondrosarcomasecond primary chondrosarcomasurgery

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cancer Research
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Prognosis and treatment differences between initial and second primary chondrosarcoma (pCS) are not well understood.
  • Understanding these differences is crucial for optimizing patient care and outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the prognosis and treatment of initial versus second primary chondrosarcoma.
  • To identify factors associated with mortality in chondrosarcoma patients.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study using Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database (2004-2015).
  • Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests for survival analysis.
  • Univariable and multivariable Cox regression for mortality risk factors.

Main Results:

  • 1,655 patients included: 1,455 (87.9%) initial pCS, 200 (12.1%) second pCS.
  • Second pCS more frequent in older adults (61-80 years) (52.5% vs. 43.1%).
  • Overall survival (OS) significantly lower for second pCS (63.0%) vs. initial pCS (78.3%).
  • Second pCS associated with higher all-cause mortality (HR, 1.72; P<0.001).
  • No significant differences in treatment benefits between initial and second pCS.

Conclusions:

  • Second primary chondrosarcoma is diagnosed more frequently in older patients.
  • Patients with second pCS exhibit a poorer prognosis compared to those with initial pCS.
  • Treatment approaches are comparable for both initial and second primary chondrosarcoma.