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Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water
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Single-, Double-, and Triple-Network Macroporous Rubbers as a Passive Sampler.

Berkant Yetiskin, Oktay E Tureyen, Atilla Yilmaz

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    PubMed
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    Novel macroporous rubber sorbents offer enhanced passive sampling for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aquatic environments. These materials exhibit tunable properties, leading to higher absorption rates and capacities compared to traditional nonporous samplers.

    Keywords:
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    Area of Science:

    • Environmental Chemistry
    • Materials Science
    • Analytical Chemistry

    Background:

    • Aquatic systems face contamination from organic compounds like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
    • Passive sampling is crucial for detecting low concentrations of these pollutants in water.
    • Existing nonporous polymeric passive samplers have limitations due to slow diffusion-controlled absorption.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop novel macroporous rubber sorbents for enhanced passive sampling of PAHs.
    • To investigate the relationship between pore morphology, mechanical properties, and PAH sorption performance.
    • To compare the efficacy of macroporous rubbers with traditional nonporous passive samplers.

    Main Methods:

    • Preparation of single-network (SN), double-network (DN), and triple-network (TN) butyl rubber macroporous sorbents using cryogelation.
    • Tuning pore morphology and mechanical properties by adjusting the weight ratio of network components.
    • Evaluating PAH absorption rates and capacities using naphthalene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene in synthetic seawater.

    Main Results:

    • Macroporous rubbers exhibited tunable pore sizes (40-240 μm and 14-54 μm) and improved mechanical properties.
    • SN rubber showed the fastest PAH absorption due to its high porosity.
    • TN rubber demonstrated the highest sorption capacity, attributed to its smaller pore sizes.

    Conclusions:

    • Macroporous butyl rubber sorbents represent a significant advancement in passive sampling technology for PAHs.
    • The tunable nature of these materials allows for optimization of both absorption rate and capacity.
    • These novel sorbents outperform traditional nonporous passive samplers in detecting aquatic organic pollutants.