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Related Concept Videos

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The microscopic anatomy of the liver is a complex and intricate system that comprises numerous structural units known as liver lobules, each of which is comparable in size to a sesame seed. These hexagonal structures consist of plates of liver cells or hepatocytes, which are characterized by their versatility and abundance of cellular apparatus like rough and smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and mitochondria.
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The liver, an essential organ in the human body, performs over 200 vital functions that can be broadly categorized into metabolic, hematological, endocrine regulation, and bile production.
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The liver is an important organ in vertebrates that plays an essential role in metabolism. It is also responsible for storing and redistributing nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins in the body. Additionally, the liver releases bile salts which are critical for digesting food and eliminating toxic metabolites from the body.
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Gross Anatomy of the Liver01:17

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The liver, the largest gland within the human body, is a firm and reddish-brown organ. This wedge-shaped structure weighs approximately 1.5 kg and occupies a significant portion of the right hypochondriac and epigastric regions. It extends more to the right of the body's midline than to the left.
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Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
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Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Treatment of Liver Metastases Using an Internal Target Volume Method for Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy
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Cryotherapy for liver metastases.

Malgorzata M Bala1, Robert P Riemsma, Robert Wolff

  • 1Chair of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine; Department of Hygiene and Dietetics; Systematic Reviews Unit, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7, Krakow, Poland, 31-034.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|July 11, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cryotherapy for liver metastases shows uncertain effectiveness compared to surgery, with no clear benefits or harms identified. Further research is needed to determine its role in cancer treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Interventional Radiology

Background:

  • Liver metastases, particularly from colorectal carcinoma, are common and challenging to treat.
  • Radical surgical resection offers a 50% long-term survival rate but is often not feasible.
  • Cryotherapy uses extreme cold to destroy tumor tissue, offering a minimally invasive approach.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the benefits and harms of cryotherapy for liver metastases.
  • To compare cryotherapy with no intervention, other ablation methods, or systemic treatments.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic review of randomized clinical trials was conducted.
  • Searches included major databases like Cochrane, MEDLINE, and Embase up to June 2018.
  • Data extraction and risk of bias assessment were performed independently by two reviewers.

Main Results:

  • One trial compared cryotherapy to conventional surgery in 123 patients; no trials compared cryotherapy to no intervention or systemic treatments.
  • Low-certainty evidence suggests similar mortality (81% vs 92%) and cancer recurrence rates (86% vs 95%) between cryotherapy and surgery.
  • Postoperative pain was more common in the cryotherapy group, but overall complications were similar; no intervention-related mortality or bile leaks were reported.

Conclusions:

  • The evidence for cryotherapy's effectiveness against conventional surgery for liver metastases is of low certainty.
  • Uncertainty remains regarding the benefits and harms of cryotherapy compared to surgery.
  • No evidence was found for cryotherapy versus no intervention or systemic treatments.