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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

33.3K
Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
33.3K
Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

129.4K
Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
129.4K
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

20.0K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
20.0K
Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

68.1K
Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
68.1K
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

16.9K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
16.9K
Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature03:34

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

86.2K
An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.
86.2K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Flash Infrared Annealing for Perovskite Solar Cell Processing
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Flash Infrared Annealing for Perovskite Solar Cell Processing

Published on: February 3, 2021

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Planar perovskite solar cells with long-term stability using ionic liquid additives.

Sai Bai1,2, Peimei Da3, Cheng Li4,5

  • 1Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. sai.bai@liu.se.

Nature
|July 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Ionic liquids enhance the efficiency and long-term stability of perovskite solar cells. These improved solar cells show minimal performance degradation under prolonged, harsh conditions, paving the way for reliable perovskite photovoltaic technology.

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Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Renewable Energy
  • Photovoltaics

Background:

  • Metal halide perovskite solar cells are a highly promising photovoltaic technology.
  • While long-term stability has improved, ion migration remains a critical challenge, especially under operational stress (heat and light).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance the efficiency and long-term operational stability of perovskite solar cells.
  • To address the persistent issue of ion migration in perovskite active layers.

Main Methods:

  • Incorporation of ionic liquids into the perovskite film.
  • Fabrication of positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) photovoltaic devices.
  • Testing device stability under continuous simulated full-spectrum sunlight at elevated temperatures (70-75°C).

Main Results:

  • Devices incorporating ionic liquids demonstrated increased efficiency.
  • Marked improvement in long-term device stability was observed.
  • The most stable encapsulated device showed only ~5% performance degradation after 1,800 hours of continuous operation under harsh conditions.
  • Estimated operational lifetime for 80% performance retention is approximately 5,200 hours.

Conclusions:

  • Ionic liquid incorporation is an effective strategy to improve perovskite solar cell efficiency and stability.
  • This approach significantly mitigates ion migration issues, leading to enhanced device longevity.
  • The demonstrated long-term operational stability under intense conditions represents a key advancement towards reliable perovskite photovoltaic technology.