Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Review and Preview01:10

Review and Preview

8.3K
In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
Percentiles are a type of fractile that partition data into...
8.3K
Review and Preview01:13

Review and Preview

10.9K
Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
10.9K
Nursing Implementation01:15

Nursing Implementation

6.0K
Implementation is the execution of the nursing care plan developed during the planning phase.
The five steps to implementing effective nursing care include reassessing the patient, reviewing and revising the existing nursing care plan, organizing the resources and care delivery, anticipating and preventing complications, and implementing nursing interventions.
6.0K
pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

57.2K
In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl...
57.2K
Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

14.1K
In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps...
14.1K
Response Surface Methodology01:16

Response Surface Methodology

622
Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is a collection of statistical and mathematical techniques used to develop, improve, and optimize processes. It is particularly valuable when many input variables or factors potentially influence a response variable.
The process of RSM involves several key steps:
622

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Transgender and gender diverse persons' sexually transmitted infection testing: a mixed methods study to understand primary care providers' training gaps and desires to promote sexual health equity.

BMC health services research·2026
Same author

Social support experiences of trans women/transfeminine adults accessing gender-affirming hormone therapy.

Journal of family psychology : JFP : journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43)·2026
Same author

Development of the W-PREV Model: Integrating HIV/STBBI Prevention and Women's Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare Using an Intersectional Women-Centered Approach.

Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care·2026
Same author

Wellbeing Among Parents of an Infant With a Genetic Disorder: A Scoping Review.

Advances in neonatal care : official journal of the National Association of Neonatal Nurses·2026
Same author

Assessing Availability of HIV/Sexually Transmitted and Blood-Borne Infection Prevention and Care Services for Trans Women and Gender Diverse People in Ontario, Canada: An Environmental Scan of Clinic Websites.

The Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care : JANAC·2026
Same author

Disclosure, comfort, and negative experiences with HIV care providers among transgender women living with HIV in Canada: Findings from a prospective cohort study of women living with HIV in Canada.

Women's health (London, England)·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Evidence-based Knowledge Synthesis and Hypothesis Validation: Navigating Biomedical Knowledge Bases via Explainable AI and Agentic Systems
05:47

Evidence-based Knowledge Synthesis and Hypothesis Validation: Navigating Biomedical Knowledge Bases via Explainable AI and Agentic Systems

Published on: June 13, 2025

1.4K

Expanding Knowledge About Implementation of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): A Methodological Review.

Rogério M Pinto1, Ashley Lacombe-Duncan2, Emma Sophia Kay2

  • 1University of Michigan, School of Social Work, Office 2850, 1080 South University, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. ropinto@umich.edu.

AIDS and Behavior
|July 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Methodological flaws in studies hinder PrEP implementation. Research needs more longitudinal, mixed-methods, and ethnographic designs to improve access, uptake, and adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).

Keywords:
Continuum of careHIV preventionPrEP implementation methodsPrEP methodological review

More Related Videos

A Knowledge Graph Approach to Elucidate the Role of Organellar Pathways in Disease via Biomedical Reports
07:35

A Knowledge Graph Approach to Elucidate the Role of Organellar Pathways in Disease via Biomedical Reports

Published on: October 13, 2023

2.1K
Exploring the Role of Deontic Reasoning and World Knowledge in Wason´s Selection Task
06:08

Exploring the Role of Deontic Reasoning and World Knowledge in Wason´s Selection Task

Published on: July 22, 2025

926

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Evidence-based Knowledge Synthesis and Hypothesis Validation: Navigating Biomedical Knowledge Bases via Explainable AI and Agentic Systems
05:47

Evidence-based Knowledge Synthesis and Hypothesis Validation: Navigating Biomedical Knowledge Bases via Explainable AI and Agentic Systems

Published on: June 13, 2025

1.4K
A Knowledge Graph Approach to Elucidate the Role of Organellar Pathways in Disease via Biomedical Reports
07:35

A Knowledge Graph Approach to Elucidate the Role of Organellar Pathways in Disease via Biomedical Reports

Published on: October 13, 2023

2.1K
Exploring the Role of Deontic Reasoning and World Knowledge in Wason´s Selection Task
06:08

Exploring the Role of Deontic Reasoning and World Knowledge in Wason´s Selection Task

Published on: July 22, 2025

926

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Health Services Research
  • Implementation Science

Background:

  • Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) implementation is crucial for HIV prevention.
  • Existing studies on PrEP implementation face methodological limitations.
  • These limitations may contribute to the slow uptake and lagging implementation of PrEP.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically review and describe the methodologies used in PrEP implementation studies in the U.S. from 2007-2018.
  • To identify common research questions, measures, designs, samples, and theoretical orientations employed.
  • To assess the methodological rigor and identify gaps in the existing literature.

Main Methods:

  • A methodological review of 79 articles identifying barriers to PrEP implementation.
  • Analysis included research questions, measures, study design (quantitative, qualitative, mixed-methods), sample characteristics, and theoretical frameworks.
  • Critique focused on study designs, sample types, and the use of conceptual approaches.

Main Results:

  • Most studies (65%) were quantitative, with fewer qualitative (32%) and mixed-methods (4%) approaches.
  • Only about half of the studies described a conceptual approach, and a significant portion involved patients (two-thirds) versus healthcare providers (one-third).
  • A notable lack of longitudinal, mixed-methods, and ethnographic/observational research was observed, along with limited use of guiding theoretical frameworks.

Conclusions:

  • Methodological limitations, including a paucity of robust designs and theoretical grounding, restrict the applicability of current findings.
  • To improve PrEP access, uptake, and adherence, future interventions must address barriers across multiple ecological domains.
  • Recommendations include prioritizing longitudinal, mixed-methods, and ethnographic research to better understand and overcome PrEP implementation challenges.