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The use of auditory feedback and edible reinforcement to decrease toe walking among children with autism.

David A Wilder1, Hallie Ertel2, Ansley C Hodges2

  • 1Florida Institute of Technology.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Auditory feedback using squeakers on shoes effectively reduced toe walking in children with autism. For some children, edible rewards paired with the sound were also necessary for treatment success.

Keywords:
auditory feedbackautismtoe walking

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Psychology
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Clinical Psychology

Background:

  • Toe walking is a common gait abnormality in children.
  • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is associated with motor difficulties, including toe walking.
  • Auditory feedback interventions have shown promise in modifying gait patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To replicate and extend research on using auditory feedback to decrease toe walking in children with autism.
  • To investigate the effectiveness of auditory feedback alone and in combination with edible reinforcement.
  • To assess the maintenance and generalization of treatment effects.

Main Methods:

  • Three children with autism exhibiting toe walking participated in the study.
  • Squeakers were attached to participants' shoes to provide auditory feedback for heel-to-toe gait.
  • Interventions included auditory feedback alone and paired with edible reinforcement.
  • Data were collected on gait patterns and treatment effects were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Auditory feedback alone increased appropriate walking for all participants.
  • One participant achieved clinically acceptable levels of heel-to-toe walking with auditory feedback alone.
  • Two participants required paired edible reinforcement to reduce toe walking.
  • Intervention effects were maintained with thinning of edible delivery and in different settings/with different personnel.

Conclusions:

  • Auditory feedback is an effective intervention for reducing toe walking in children with autism.
  • A combination of auditory feedback and edible reinforcement may be necessary for some individuals.
  • Intervention effects can be maintained and generalized to new environments and personnel.