Autoimmune liver disease and the enteric microbiome

Area of Science:

• Microbiology
• Immunology
• Gastroenterology

Background:

• The human enteric microbiome is a complex ecosystem with a vast genetic repertoire, significantly exceeding that of its host.
• The host-microbiome relationship is dynamic, potentially shifting from symbiotic to pathogenic states.
• Microbiome composition is influenced by genetics, environment, age, immune interactions, geography, and diet, and these factors also play a role in autoimmune disease development.

Purpose of the Study:

• To explore the potential link between alterations in the intestinal microbiome and the development of liver diseases.
• To review emerging data on the microbiome's contribution to specific autoimmune liver conditions.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of studies investigating the human enteric microbiome.
• Analysis of factors influencing microbiome composition.
• Examination of emerging data on microbiome's role in liver disorders.

Main Results:

• The enteric microbiome's composition is shaped by numerous host and environmental factors throughout life.
• Emerging evidence suggests a role for the microbiome in the pathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliary cholangitis, and autoimmune hepatitis.
• These liver diseases involve aberrant immune function in genetically predisposed individuals.

Conclusions:

• Alterations in the intestinal microbiome are increasingly implicated in the development of liver disease.
• The microbiome represents a potential factor in the complex etiology of autoimmune liver disorders.