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Related Concept Videos

Contact-dependent Signaling01:19

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Contact-dependent signaling, as the name suggests, requires that communicating cells be in direct contact with each other. This is achieved either through receptor-ligand interactions or by specialized cytoplasmic channels that allow the flow of small molecules between cells. In animal cells, channels called gap junctions facilitate contact-dependent signaling in certain tissues, whereas, plasmodesmata perform a similar function in plants.
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When a solid is dipped inside a liquid, the liquid surface becomes curved near the contact. For some solid–liquid interfaces, the liquid is pulled up along the solid, while for others, the liquid surface is convex or depressed near the solid surface. This phenomenon can be explained using the concept of cohesive and adhesive forces.
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Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
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The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) operates in parallel with glycolysis, facilitating the metabolism of both pentoses and glucose. This pathway consists of two distinct phases: the oxidative and non-oxidative phases. While it does not directly generate ATP, the intermediates formed during the process can integrate into glycolysis, contributing to cellular energy metabolism when required.Oxidative Phase: NADPH ProductionThe oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is primarily...
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Cellular respiration is a fundamental metabolic process that enables organisms to generate energy from organic molecules. One of its central pathways is the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, which plays a crucial role in energy production and biosynthetic processes.Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoAThe pyruvate generated from glycolysis undergoes oxidative decarboxylation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, producing acetyl-CoA, one molecule of NADH, and one...
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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
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A Data-Driven Approach to Quantifying Immune States in Sepsis
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The contact pathway and sepsis.

Vikram Raghunathan1, Jevgenia Zilberman-Rudenko2, Sven R Olson1,2

  • 1Division of Hematology-Medical Oncology Knight Cancer Institute Oregon Health & Science University Portland Oregon USA.

Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis
|July 12, 2019
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The contact pathway factors XI and XII are not essential for blood clotting but play a role in sepsis. Inhibiting these factors may offer a safe therapeutic strategy for sepsis treatment.

Keywords:
contact activationfactor XIfactor XIIkallikrein‐kinin systemsepsis

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Immunology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Contact pathway factors XI (FXI) and XII (FXII) are generally considered non-essential for hemostasis.
  • Emerging evidence implicates the contact pathway in the host's detrimental response to infections, leading to sepsis.
  • The contact pathway acts as a crucial link between inflammation and coagulation processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing in vivo and in vitro data on the role of the contact pathway in sepsis.
  • To discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting FXI and FXII in sepsis management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of published in vivo and in vitro studies.
  • Analysis of the role of contact pathway factors in sepsis pathogenesis.
  • Discussion of current drug development for FXI and FXII inhibition.

Main Results:

  • FXI and FXII are largely dispensable for normal hemostasis, with minimal impact on bleeding.
  • The contact pathway is increasingly recognized for its contribution to the inflammatory response in sepsis.
  • FXI and FXII inhibition presents a potential therapeutic avenue for sepsis.

Conclusions:

  • The contact pathway, particularly FXI and FXII, is implicated in sepsis pathophysiology.
  • Targeting FXI and FXII may represent a safe and effective strategy to reduce sepsis-related morbidity and mortality.
  • Further investigation into FXI- and FXII-inhibiting drugs is warranted for clinical application in sepsis.