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Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Calvarial Model of Bone Augmentation in Rabbit for Assessment of Bone Growth and Neovascularization in Bone Substitution Materials
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Construct Validation of a Printed Bone Substitute in Otologic Education.

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Printed bone models (PBMs) show promise for otologic surgery training, differentiating junior residents but not senior trainees. These models offer a cost-effective, realistic simulation for improving surgical skills and patient safety.

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Surgical Education
  • Medical Simulation

Background:

  • Patient safety necessitates improved surgical training methods.
  • Graduated cadaveric bone exposure is crucial for otologic training.
  • 3D Printed Bone Models (PBMs) offer a cost-effective, consistent alternative to cadavers for skill acquisition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate if resident training level can be identified using performance on a printed temporal bone model.
  • To assess the construct validity of PBMs in distinguishing surgical skill levels.

Main Methods:

  • Nineteen residents performed a mastoidectomy with posterior tympanotomy on identical 3D PBMs.
  • Participant performance was graded by experts using the validated Welling Scale.
  • Residents completed a Likert scale survey on their subjective experience with the simulation.

Main Results:

  • Significant performance differences were found between junior/intermediate and junior/senior resident groups (PGY).
  • No significant performance difference was observed between intermediate/senior cohorts.
  • Subjective feedback indicated PBMs provided a realistic drill-bone interaction, comparable to cadavers.

Conclusions:

  • The PBM simulation demonstrated construct validity in differentiating some training levels.
  • The model struggled to differentiate senior from intermediate trainee performance, possibly due to model limitations, grading fidelity, or sample size.
  • Skill acquisition for these procedures may predominantly occur during junior residency years.