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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Vasectomy is a surgical form of male sterilization that involves severing and sealing the vasa deferentia, preventing sperm from mixing with semen during ejaculation. Because a vasectomy does not impact the testes' ability to produce testosterone, hormone levels, libido, and sexual function generally remain unchanged. While vasectomy is highly effective in preventing pregnancy, with a success rate near 99.85%, rare cases of recanalization (spontaneous reconnection) can occur. Although...
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Environmental methods for dengue vector control - A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Claudia Buhler1, Volker Winkler2, Silvia Runge-Ranzinger2

  • 1Institute for Medical Information, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public Health (PSPH), Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany.

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Summary

Environmental interventions for dengue vector control show some effectiveness in reducing mosquito populations. Further high-quality studies are needed to strengthen evidence on these sustainable methods.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Environmental Science
  • Vector-borne Disease Control

Background:

  • Dengue prevention relies heavily on vector control, with environmental interventions offering sustainable and safe approaches.
  • These methods minimize risks of environmental contamination and toxicity compared to other control strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and meta-analyze the effectiveness of various environmental methods for controlling Aedes sp. mosquito populations, the primary vectors of dengue.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was conducted across major databases (PubMed, EMBASE, LILACS, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar) following PRISMA guidelines.
  • Nineteen studies were included, with sixteen contributing to the meta-analysis using difference-in-differences (DID) and difference-of-endlines (DOE) for Breteau index (BI) and pupae per person index (PPI).
  • Evaluated interventions included container covers, waste management, and breeding site elimination.

Main Results:

  • The systematic review and meta-analysis indicated a generally weak effect of environmental interventions on larval mosquito populations.
  • Container covers without insecticides and waste management with garbage collection showed the strongest reductions in the Breteau index (BI).
  • Container covers with insecticides and breeding site elimination demonstrated the most significant reductions in the pupae per person index (PPI).

Conclusions:

  • All investigated environmental methods demonstrated some capacity to reduce Aedes sp. larval and pupal densities.
  • There is a critical need for more high-quality, comparable studies to robustly confirm the effectiveness of these dengue vector control strategies.