Prediction of insertion torque and stiffness of a dental implant in bovine trabecular bone using explicit...

The assessment of dental implant performance is dominated by the concept of mechanical stability. Primary stability is defined as the capacity of a bone-implant structure to bear loads without occurrence of excessive damage and loosening. In order to achieve the highest primary stability, dental implants are inserted into bone using a press-fit procedure. Pre- and postoperative evaluation of primary stability using implantation torque and resonance frequency analysis are valid approaches but do not allow the systematic comparison of different protocols in similar situations. The aim of this research is to develop and validate an explicit, micro-finite element (μFE) methodology to study the effect of different amounts of initial press-fit on implantation torque and initial stiffness of a dental implant. Ten bovine trabecular bone samples were prepared that cover a wide range of bone volume fraction. A dental implant was inserted using two implantation protocols named soft (small initial drilled hole) and dense (increased initial drilled hole). The implantation torque was measured and the stiffness was calculated using an infinitesimal off-axis loading. Finite element simulations of the implant insertion and subsequent loading were performed on micro-computed tomography (μCT) reconstructions of the samples using an explicit solver. Bone was defined as an elasto-plastic material with von Mises yield criteria and hardening. Element deletion was triggered by a threshold in cumulated plastic strains. A sensitivity analysis was performed on friction, hardening and fracture strain to provide a better insight into the effects of these parameters on the results. The implantation torque required for the soft protocol was higher compared to the dense approach in both experiment and simulation due to the higher amount of bone compaction in the first approach. Interestingly, stiffness did not show a significant dependency on the drilling protocol in both experiment and simulation. In conclusion, the explicit microFE methodology developed in this study was able to capture the outcome of two drilling protocols in terms of torque and stiffness and represents a powerful tool to explore the effect of different parameters on primary stability of dental implants.