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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Stroke Volume01:27

Regulation of Stroke Volume

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The regulation of stroke volume, which is the amount of blood the heart pumps out during each heartbeat, is critical for maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Stroke volume is influenced by three main factors: preload, contractility, and afterload.
Preload refers to the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts. It's analogous to the stretching of a rubber band; the more it's stretched, the more forcefully it snaps back. This concept is encapsulated in the Frank-Starling law of the...
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Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume01:11

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Cardiac output (CO) is an integral aspect of human physiology, reflecting the heart's efficiency and responsiveness to the body's needs. It represents the volume of blood that the left or right ventricle ejects into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute. The CO is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (HR)—the number of heartbeats per minute—by the stroke volume (SV)—the amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat.
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Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

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Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
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Updated: Jan 22, 2026

The Mouse Stroke Unit Protocol with Standardized Neurological Scoring for Translational Mouse Stroke Studies
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Insula stroke: the weird and the worrisome.

Ashley Laurence Bharat Raghu1, Tariq Parker2, André van Wyk3

  • 1Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK ashley.raghu@linacre.ox.ac.uk.

Postgraduate Medical Journal
|July 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Insular cortex strokes, often seen with middle cerebral artery territory events, disrupt autonomic functions like cardiovascular regulation and swallowing. Rare insular strokes reveal diverse deficits, offering insights into brain function and stroke management.

Keywords:
brain infarctioninfarction, middle cerebral arteryinsular cortexstroke

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Stroke Research

Background:

  • Infarction of the insula frequently occurs with large strokes in the middle cerebral artery territory.
  • The insula is a key component of the central autonomic network, implicating its involvement in autonomic disturbances, particularly cardiovascular dysregulation.
  • Insular involvement is linked to aspiration risk post-stroke due to its role in oropharyngeal functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the diverse symptoms and functional deficits associated with strokes restricted to the insula.
  • To understand the insular cortex's role in various complex functions.
  • To provide a basis for optimizing stroke management strategies by understanding insula involvement.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical presentations and outcomes of patients with insular strokes.
  • Analysis of neurological deficits correlated with insular cortex involvement.
  • Correlation of insular function with observed symptoms such as autonomic, sensory, and motor deficits.

Main Results:

  • Strokes restricted to the insula are rare but present with a wide spectrum of symptoms.
  • Recognized deficits include chemosensory, autonomic, vestibular, auditory, somatosensory, language, and oropharyngeal dysfunctions.
  • Profound symptoms like hemiparesis are often transient, with long-term sequelae remaining largely unknown.

Conclusions:

  • Insular cortex damage leads to significant autonomic and functional disturbances.
  • The diverse deficits observed in insular strokes highlight the cortex's multifaceted role.
  • Understanding these patterns is crucial for developing targeted stroke management and rehabilitation strategies.