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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
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Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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Author Spotlight: A Computational Pipeline for Analyzing Chimeric Noncoding RNA-Target RNA Interactions in High-Throughput Sequencing Data
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Long noncoding RNA PVT1: A highly dysregulated gene in malignancy.

Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard1, Mir Davood Omrani2, Mohammad Taheri3

  • 1Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Journal of Cellular Physiology
|July 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The long noncoding RNA PVT1 and its circular form, circPVT1, play significant roles in cancer development. Silencing PVT1 inhibits cancer cell proliferation and alters cell cycle progression.

Keywords:
PVT1cancerlncRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are increasingly recognized for their roles in carcinogenesis.
  • PVT1, a lncRNA located near the Myc oncogene, is implicated in regulating key cancer signaling pathways.
  • Both linear PVT1 and its circular form, circPVT1, have demonstrated oncogenic potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent findings on the involvement of PVT1 and circPVT1 in cancer.
  • To highlight the regulatory mechanisms and functional roles of PVT1 in oncogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies on PVT1 and circPVT1.
  • Analysis of expression data and functional studies in cancer cell lines.
  • Examination of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) data.

Main Results:

  • PVT1 and circPVT1 exhibit significant roles in various cancers.
  • PVT1 modulates critical signaling pathways including TGF-β, Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/AKT, and mTOR.
  • Silencing PVT1 suppresses cancer cell proliferation and induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest.
  • Overexpression of PVT1 promotes cancer cell proliferation.
  • Genetic variations (SNPs) in PVT1 are associated with lymphoma risk.

Conclusions:

  • PVT1 and circPVT1 are crucial oncogenic molecules.
  • Understanding PVT1's function offers potential therapeutic targets for cancer treatment.