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Common Ion Effect

Common Ion Effect

Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:

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The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule

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To determine the electron configuration for any particular atom, we can build the structures in the order of atomic numbers. Beginning with hydrogen, and continuing across the periods of the periodic table, we add one proton at a time to the nucleus and one electron to the proper subshell until we have described the electron configurations of all the elements. This procedure is called the aufbau principle, from the German word aufbau (“to build up”). Each added electron occupies the...

The Quotient Rule

The Quotient Rule

The quotient rule is a fundamental differentiation technique in calculus used to differentiate functions expressed as a ratio of two differentiable functions. Given a function of the form:Where g(x) and h(x) are both differentiable and h(x) ≠ 0, the derivative of f(x) is given by:Example:The quotient rule is beneficial when differentiating rational functions, trigonometric ratios, and exponential functions. For example, given:applying the quotient rule,This rule is essential in solving...

Midpoint Rule

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Approximating areas under curved boundaries is a common problem in applied mathematics, particularly when an exact calculation is difficult or impractical. One effective numerical method for this purpose is the Midpoint Rule, which provides an estimate of the area under a curve by using rectangular approximations over a specified interval.Description of the Midpoint RuleThe Midpoint Rule begins by dividing the given interval into a number of equal subintervals. For each subinterval, the...

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Project-Based Learning Guidelines for Health Sciences Students: An Analysis with Data Mining and Qualitative Techniques

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Learning Health Systems and the Revised Common Rule.

Joshua A Rolnick¹

¹Joshua A. Rolnick, M.D., J.D., M.S., is affiliated with the Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, the National Clinician Scholars Program, University of Pennsylvania, the Palliative and Advanced Illness Research Center, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and the Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Philadelphia VA Medical Center.

The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics : a Journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics

|July 13, 2019

Summary

Public policy should support quality improvement (QI) initiatives. Guidance is offered to help Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) distinguish QI from human subjects research, suggesting a new regulatory exclusion for low-risk QI activities.

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Area of Science:

Health policy
Medical ethics
Regulatory science

Background:

Quality improvement (QI) is crucial for learning health systems.
Current regulations cause confusion distinguishing QI from human subjects research.
This ambiguity creates barriers to effective QI implementation.

Purpose of the Study:

To clarify the distinction between QI and human subjects research under federal regulations.
To provide guidance for Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) in classifying QI activities.
To propose a regulatory exclusion for minimal risk QI activities.

Main Methods:

Analysis of the Common Rule and its revised version concerning QI.
Review of existing guidance and case law regarding human subjects research.
Development of criteria to differentiate research from QI.

Main Results:

Persistent confusion exists regarding the classification of QI under the Common Rule.
Distinguishing research from QI imposes significant costs on the QI process.
A new regulatory exclusion for minimal risk QI is proposed.

Conclusions:

Clearer regulatory distinctions are needed to support QI in healthcare.
IRBs require practical guidance to reduce the burden on QI initiatives.
Excluding minimal risk QI activities could accelerate healthcare improvements.