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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Quantum Numbers02:43

Quantum Numbers

49.4K
It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
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Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Mixed-Order Symmetry-Breaking Quantum Phase Transition Far from Equilibrium.

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This study reveals novel nonequilibrium phase transitions in a magnetic system. Out-of-equilibrium conditions enable unique critical phenomena and entanglement entropy behavior not seen in equilibrium.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Quantum magnetism

Background:

  • The transverse field Ising model is a fundamental model in statistical mechanics.
  • Understanding nonequilibrium quantum systems is crucial for advancing quantum technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the nonequilibrium phase diagram of a transverse field Ising chain coupled to magnetic reservoirs.
  • To explore critical phenomena and entanglement entropy in driven quantum systems.

Main Methods:

  • Numerical simulations of the transverse field Ising chain.
  • Analysis of magnetization potential and bias effects.
  • Calculation of order parameter, correlation length, and entanglement entropy.

Main Results:

  • A discontinuous jump in the magnetic order parameter was observed with increasing magnetization bias.
  • Correlation length diverges at the phase transition.
  • Entanglement entropy exhibits a bias-dependent logarithmic correction violating the area law at zero temperature.

Conclusions:

  • Out-of-equilibrium conditions facilitate novel critical phenomena absent in equilibrium.
  • The observed entanglement entropy differs significantly from equilibrium predictions.
  • This research opens avenues for exploring quantum phenomena in driven systems.