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The different configurations of source-load connections include wye (star) and delta connections. The relationship between line and phase voltages and currents varies depending on the configuration. When the source is supplying power, it is transmitted through the wires to the load, and during this transmission, some power is absorbed by the wires, leading to line loss.
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In a three-phase circuit, line loss is an indicator of energy dissipated as heat due to the resistance of transmission lines. To address this, incorporating transformers into the system—a step-up transformer at the source and a step-down transformer at the load—is a strategic solution. Two three-phase transformers are introduced to improve this.
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Archaea, a domain of single-celled microorganisms, are classified into five major phyla based on genetic and biochemical characteristics: Euryarchaeota, Crenarchaeota, Thaumarchaeota, Korarchaeota, and Nanoarchaeota. Among these, the phylum Euryarchaeota is notable for its remarkable diversity in morphology, metabolism, and ecological adaptations.Morphological and Metabolic DiversityMembers of Euryarchaeota exhibit a variety of cellular shapes, including rods and cocci. Their metabolic pathways...
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Archaea, one of the three domains of life, exhibit remarkable diversity and adaptability, thriving in both extreme and moderate environments. Historically, most identified archaea have been classified into two major phyla: Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota. However, recent molecular studies have expanded this classification to include three additional phyla: Thaumarchaeota, Nanoarchaeota, and Korarchaeota, each exhibiting unique characteristics and ecological roles.Thaumarchaeota: Mesophiles...
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Cutibacterium acnes phylotypes diversity loss: a trigger for skin inflammatory process.

M-A Dagnelie1, S Corvec2, M Saint-Jean1

  • 1Dermatology Department, CHU Nantes, CIC 1413, CRCINA, University Nantes, Nantes, France.

Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV
|July 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Loss of Cutibacterium acnes phylotype diversity triggers innate immune system activation, causing skin inflammation. Maintaining phylotype balance may offer new acne treatment strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Microbiology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous follicle, with Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) being a key factor.
  • Reduced skin commensal microbial diversity is linked to inflammatory skin conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the association between C. acnes phylotype diversity loss and innate immune system (IIS) activation.
  • Determine the impact of C. acnes phylotype composition on skin inflammation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an in vitro skin explant model to assess IIS response to individual and combined C. acnes phylotypes (IA1, II, III).
  • Monitored inflammatory responses using immunohistochemistry and ELISA assays for Innate Immune Markers (IIMs) including IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, and TGF-β.

Main Results:

  • Significant upregulation of IIMs was observed when skin was incubated with C. acnes phylotype IA1 alone compared to the combination of IA1+II+III.
  • ELISA assays confirmed elevated levels of IL-17, IL-8, and IL-10 in supernatants, supporting the immunohistochemistry findings.

Conclusions:

  • Loss of C. acnes phylotype diversity acts as a trigger for IIS activation, leading to cutaneous inflammation.
  • These findings suggest that maintaining C. acnes phylotype balance could be a novel therapeutic target for acne treatment.