Childhood obesity: Aetiology, comorbidities, and treatment

Area of Science:

• Pediatrics
• Public Health
• Endocrinology

Background:

• Obesity is a significant global health concern with increasing prevalence in children and adults.
• Its impact on mortality and morbidity necessitates a comprehensive understanding across all age groups.
• Paediatric obesity poses unique challenges and long-term health risks.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a detailed review of obesity definitions across different age groups.
• To examine the worldwide and South American epidemiology of paediatric obesity.
• To synthesize current evidence on pathophysiology, associated comorbidities, and management strategies.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of available evidence on obesity.
• Analysis of epidemiological data on obesity prevalence.
• Synthesis of information on pathophysiology and clinical manifestations.
• Review of current management guidelines and surgical interventions.

Main Results:

• Obesity definitions vary by age, requiring specific diagnostic criteria.
• Epidemiological data highlight the widespread and increasing burden of obesity globally, particularly in South America.
• Key comorbidities affect multiple body systems, underscoring the systemic impact of obesity.
• Evidence supports lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric surgery for management.

Conclusions:

• Paediatric obesity is a complex epidemic requiring tailored definitions and management.
• Understanding the epidemiology and pathophysiology is crucial for effective public health interventions.
• A multi-faceted approach involving lifestyle changes, medical, and surgical options is essential for addressing paediatric obesity.