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Summary
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Species interactions, like those between plants and fungal endophytes, show specialization that changes with elevation. This plant-fungus relationship is most specific at mid-elevations, demonstrating that specialization can be a flexible trait influenced by the environment.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Macroecology
  • Biogeography

Background:

  • Species interactions are crucial for biodiversity and distribution.
  • Specialization is often viewed as a fixed trait, but its plasticity along environmental gradients is understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how specialization in a plant-fungal endophyte network changes along an elevation gradient.
  • To determine if environmental context influences the dynamics of species specialization.

Main Methods:

  • Examined a bipartite network of three plant species and their foliar fungal endophytes.
  • Studied changes in network and plant specialization along a 1000-meter elevation gradient on Mauna Loa.
  • Assessed fungal endophyte diversity and community composition in relation to elevation and host plants.

Main Results:

  • Plant and network specialization exhibited a parabolic relationship with elevation, peaking at mid-elevations.
  • Fungal endophyte diversity was highest at the lowest and highest elevations, correlating negatively with specificity.
  • While host plants influenced fungal communities, high fungal species turnover occurred between sites without clear spatial or elevational patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Species specialization is not fixed but can be a plastic trait influenced by environmental factors.
  • Elevation and host plant centrality within its range impact the degree of specialization in symbiotic relationships.