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Related Concept Videos

Exocrine Glands: Types of Secretions01:13

Exocrine Glands: Types of Secretions

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Exocrine glands produce and release a variety of glandular products. Exocrine glands can be classified into serous, mucous, or mixed types based on their secretory products.
Serous glands produce watery secretions rich in digestive enzymes and proteins. The constituent cells of the serous gland have centrally located nuclei and eosinophilic secretory granules in the cytoplasm. The parotid gland is an example of a serous gland. It secretes saliva, which contains enzymes, such as lipases and...
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ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps01:30

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V-type pumps are ATP-driven pumps found in the vacuolar membranes of plants, yeast, endosomal and lysosomal membranes of animal cells, plasma membranes of a few specialized eukaryotic cells, and some prokaryotes. They are also known as the V1Vo-ATPase, that couple ATP hydrolysis to transport protons against a concentration gradient.
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Types of Reports III: Telephone and Verbal Reports01:26

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Telephone and Verbal Reports in healthcare settings are two communication methods for conveying therapeutic instructions from healthcare providers to nurses or other healthcare staff.
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Cells and Secretions of the Pancreas01:16

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The pancreas, a vital organ within the abdominal cavity, plays dual roles in the digestive and endocrine systems, collaborating with exocrine and endocrine cells to maintain optimal digestion and blood sugar levels.
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Hormones Secreted by the Stomach01:25

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Enteroendocrine cells, accounting for only 1% of stomach epithelial cells, play a significant role in digestion and are classified by their digestive hormone secretions.
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Pancreatic Juice and Secretion01:26

Pancreatic Juice and Secretion

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Pancreatic juice is a clear fluid produced by the pancreas, containing water, salts, sodium bicarbonate, and enzymes vital for digestion in the small intestine. It helps break down large molecules, facilitating nutrient absorption.
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The type III secretion system translocases IpaC, SipC, and BipC are partially folded alpha helical proteins lacking in tertiary structures.

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Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Quantifying Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Type III Secretion System Activity Following Iron Starvation and Anaerobic Growth
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Quantifying Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Type III Secretion System Activity Following Iron Starvation and Anaerobic Growth

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The type III secretion system needle, tip, and translocon.

Supratim Dey1, Amritangshu Chakravarty1, Pallavi Guha Biswas1

  • 1Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.

Protein Science : a Publication of the Protein Society
|July 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The type III secretion system (T3SS) is crucial for bacterial virulence and antibiotic resistance. Targeting its needle apparatus offers a promising strategy for developing novel antibiotics against Gram-negative pathogens.

Keywords:
T3SS needle apparatusbacteriatip complextranslocontype III secretion system

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Bacterial Pathogenesis
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Gram-negative bacteria utilize the type III secretion system (T3SS) to inject virulence factors into host cells.
  • The T3SS is essential for virulence in many human pathogens and is associated with antibiotic resistance.
  • The T3SS needle apparatus, a surface-exposed component, is a potential target for novel therapeutics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on the structure and assembly of the T3SS needle, tip, and translocon.
  • To highlight the T3SS as a viable target for antibiotic development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on T3SS structure and assembly.
  • Analysis of studies focusing on the needle apparatus, tip, and translocon components.

Main Results:

  • The T3SS needle apparatus is a complex structure assembled from over 20 proteins.
  • Key components include the base, extracellular needle, tip, and translocon.
  • Understanding the assembly of these components is critical for targeting the T3SS.

Conclusions:

  • The T3SS needle apparatus presents a promising target for developing new antibiotics.
  • Further research into T3SS structure and assembly can inform therapeutic strategies against bacterial infections.