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Related Concept Videos

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Chromatin Packaging02:21

Chromatin Packaging

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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
The chromatin
In combination with specialized DNA binding protein called Histones, the DNA double helix forms a compact DNA: protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin itself is further compacted into higher-order...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP of Histone Modifications from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Chromatin modification and epigenetic control in functional nerve regeneration.

Kalen P Berry1, Q Richard Lu1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
|July 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Epigenetic mechanisms guide nervous system repair by regulating oligodendrocyte development and myelination. Understanding these processes is key to improving functional recovery after nerve injury or in neurodegenerative disorders.

Keywords:
Chromatin remodelersEpigenetic regulationFunctional nerve regenerationHistone deacetylasesLineage progressionMyelinationOligodendrocyteRemyelinationSchwann cellTemporal control

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Nervous system repair and functional recovery depend on proper myelination of regenerated axons.
  • Failures in myelination (dysmyelination/remyelination) lead to impaired nerve conduction and function.
  • Developmental and regenerative processes share regulatory networks, particularly in oligodendrocyte lineage progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the roles of epigenetic mechanisms in CNS myelination during development and regeneration.
  • To discuss how epigenetic processes impact axonal regeneration and myelin repair.
  • To explore the potential of epigenetic modifications in preclinical therapeutics for nerve regeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on epigenetic modifications (histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, DNA methylation).
  • Analysis of their involvement in oligodendrocyte development and myelin repair.
  • Discussion of their impact on functional nerve regeneration in various neurological conditions.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic chromatin modifications are crucial for CNS myelination and functional nerve restoration.
  • Pro-regenerative transcriptional programs are often repressed in adult neural cells, limiting repair capacity.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms are implicated in maintaining and establishing the myelination program.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic mechanisms are fundamental to oligodendrocyte development and myelin repair.
  • Targeting epigenetic processes offers a promising therapeutic strategy for enhancing functional nerve regeneration.
  • Further research into these mechanisms can improve treatments for neurodegenerative disorders and nerve injuries.