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Diffusion01:12

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
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Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone proteins.
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The Nucleosome Core Particle01:12

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Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone proteins.
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Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. These three particles account for the mass and the charge of an atom.
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Updated: Jan 22, 2026

A Microfluidic-based Hydrodynamic Trap for Single Particles
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Hydrodynamic interactions and the diffusivity of spheroidal particles.

Navaneeth K Marath1, John S Wettlaufer1

  • 1Nordita, Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|July 15, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Hydrodynamic interactions significantly affect particle diffusivity in suspensions. This study quantifies these effects for spheroidal particles, revealing anisotropy influenced by shape and aspect ratio.

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Colloid science
  • Statistical mechanics

Background:

  • Particle diffusivity differs between isolated particles and suspensions due to hydrodynamic interactions.
  • Previous studies by Batchelor, Russel et al., and Brady investigated these effects for spherical particles in dilute and non-dilute suspensions.
  • The influence of hydrodynamic interactions on the diffusivity of anisotropic particles, specifically spheroids, remains less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To calculate the effects of hydrodynamic interactions on the translational and rotational diffusivities of spheroidal particles in dilute monodisperse suspensions.
  • To analyze how particle shape (aspect ratio and eccentricity) influences these diffusivities.
  • To provide a quantitative understanding of hydrodynamic anisotropy in spheroidal particle suspensions.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical calculations of hydrodynamic interactions for spheroidal particles.
  • Analysis of translational and rotational diffusion coefficients.
  • Investigation across a range of particle aspect ratios.

Main Results:

  • Hydrodynamic interactions influence both translational and rotational diffusivities of spheroidal particles.
  • Prolate spheroids exhibit greater sensitivity of diffusivity to eccentricity compared to oblate spheroids.
  • The hydrodynamic anisotropy effects are found to be on the order of a few percent in the dilute limit.

Conclusions:

  • Hydrodynamic interactions introduce anisotropy in the diffusivity of spheroidal particles.
  • The findings are crucial for understanding phenomena like partially frozen colloidal suspensions and cytoplasmic dynamics.
  • This work extends the understanding of particle diffusion beyond simple spherical shapes.