Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Conjugate Addition (1,4-Addition) vs Direct Addition (1,2-Addition)

Conjugate Addition (1,4-Addition) vs Direct Addition (1,2-Addition)

α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds with two electrophilic sites, the carbonyl carbon, and the β carbon, are susceptible to nucleophilic attack via two modes: conjugate or 1,4-addition and direct or 1,2-addition.
Conjugate addition results in a thermodynamically stable product. The reaction retains the stronger C=O bond at the expense of the weaker C=C π bond. The process is slow as the β carbon is less electrophilic than the carbonyl carbon.
Direct addition products are...

Graded Potential

Graded Potential

Graded potentials are localized fluctuations in the cell membrane's electrical charge, commonly found in the dendrites of neurons. The magnitude of these potential changes depends on the strength of the initiating stimulus. In a membrane at its resting potential, a graded potential signifies a voltage shift either above -70 mV or below -70 mV.
Graded potentials fall into two categories: depolarizing and hyperpolarizing. Depolarizing graded potentials typically occur when sodium (Na+) or...

Conjugate Addition of Enolates: Michael Addition

Conjugate Addition of Enolates: Michael Addition

The attack of a nucleophile at the β carbon of an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound is called conjugate addition. Conjugate addition reactions of active methylene compounds, such as β-diketones, β-keto esters, β-keto nitriles, and α-nitro ketones, are called Michael addition reactions.

Steel Manufacturing

Steel Manufacturing

Steel manufacturing is a multi-stage process that begins by smelting iron ore into cast iron in a blast furnace. This initial stage involves layering iron ore with coke, a type of fuel, and crushed limestone within the furnace. The coke is ignited with a high volume of air, leading to the creation of carbon monoxide, which acts to reduce the iron ore to pure iron.
During this smelting process, limestone plays a crucial role by forming slag. Slag captures impurities within the molten iron, such...

Additional Subnuclear Structures

Additional Subnuclear Structures

The eukaryotic nucleus is a double membrane-bound organelle that contains nearly all of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes. It is rightly called the “brain” of the cell as it shoulders the responsibility of responding to various physiological processes, stress, altered metabolic conditions, and other cellular signals.
The nucleus contains many membrane-less subnuclear organelles or nuclear bodies, such as nucleoli, Cajal bodies, speckles,...

Additional Subnuclear Structures

Additional Subnuclear Structures

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Cell therapy strategies for organ regeneration.

BMC medicine·2026

Same author

Implementation of 3D printing technology for complex spine revision cases that require multilevel anterior spinal support: Over 5-year experience in six cases and costs assessment.

Brain & spine·2026

Same author

Multi-scale additive manufacturing of 3D porous networks integrated with hydrogel for sustained in vitro tissue growth.

Acta biomaterialia·2025

Same author

Local delivery of lipid-based nanoparticles containing microbial nucleic acid for osteoimmunomodulation.

European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences·2025

Same author

Reliability and agreement of manual and automated morphological radiographic hip measurements.

Osteoarthritis and cartilage open·2024

Same author

Trained innate immunity modulates osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation.

Stem cell reviews and reports·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Ceramic Materials by Stereolithography

Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Ceramic Materials by Stereolithography

Published on: January 25, 2019

Additively manufactured functionally graded biodegradable porous iron.

Y Li¹, H Jahr², P Pavanram³

¹Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands.

Acta Biomaterialia

|July 15, 2019

Summary

This study introduces the first 3D-printed functionally graded porous iron scaffolds from biodegradable metals. Topological design controls biodegradation and mechanical properties for bone regeneration.

Keywords:

Additive manufacturing Biocompatibility Biodegradation Functionally graded material Mechanical properties Permeability

More Related Videos

Iron Nanowire Fabrication by Nano-Porous Anodized Aluminum and its Characterization

Iron Nanowire Fabrication by Nano-Porous Anodized Aluminum and its Characterization

Published on: October 6, 2019

Author Spotlight: Advancing Cell Therapy Manufacturing with Dissolvable Microcarriers

Author Spotlight: Advancing Cell Therapy Manufacturing with Dissolvable Microcarriers

Published on: July 7, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Ceramic Materials by Stereolithography

Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Ceramic Materials by Stereolithography

Published on: January 25, 2019

Iron Nanowire Fabrication by Nano-Porous Anodized Aluminum and its Characterization

Iron Nanowire Fabrication by Nano-Porous Anodized Aluminum and its Characterization

Published on: October 6, 2019

Author Spotlight: Advancing Cell Therapy Manufacturing with Dissolvable Microcarriers

Author Spotlight: Advancing Cell Therapy Manufacturing with Dissolvable Microcarriers

Published on: July 7, 2023

Area of Science:

Biomaterials Engineering
Additive Manufacturing
Materials Science

Background:

Biodegradable metals are crucial for bone regeneration and preventing long-term implant infections.
Existing additively manufactured porous structures lack functional gradients and biodegradability.
Ideal bone substitutes require tailored properties for tissue integration and eventual resorption.

Purpose of the Study:

To report the first fabrication of additively manufactured (AM) functionally graded biodegradable porous metallic biomaterials.
To investigate the impact of topological design, specifically functional gradients, on material properties.
To evaluate the potential of these novel biomaterials as bone substitutes.

Main Methods:

Utilized a diamond unit cell for topological design of four porous structures (two functionally graded, two uniform).
Fabricated specimens from pure iron powder using selective laser melting (SLM).
Conducted experimental and computational analyses of permeability, biodegradation, mechanical properties, and cytocompatibility.

Main Results:

Topological design with functional gradients controlled fluid flow, mass transport, and biodegradation rates (up to 4-fold variation in permeability, 3-fold in biodegradation).
Scaffolds exhibited desired biodegradation rates (5-16% weight loss after 4 weeks) and bone-mimicking mechanical properties (E = 0.5-2.1 GPa, σy = 8-48 MPa).
Demonstrated excellent cytocompatibility with no significant difference from controls.

Conclusions:

Additively manufactured functionally graded porous iron shows great potential as a bone-substituting material.
Topological design, particularly functional gradients, effectively controls mechanical properties and degradation behavior.
This approach offers a promising strategy for developing advanced biodegradable metallic biomaterials for bone regeneration.