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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
Kidney Transplant II: Surgical Procedure01:26

Kidney Transplant II: Surgical Procedure

Preoperative ManagementThe primary goals of preoperative management in kidney transplantation are to optimize the patient’s metabolic state and prepare them for surgery through diet adjustments, necessary dialysis, and tailored medical treatment. This phase also involves comprehensive infection screening and patient education about the surgical procedure and postoperative care to improve outcomes and adherence.Medical ManagementA comprehensive evaluation is required for both the living donor...
Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination01:28

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination

Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...
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Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract

The human urogenital system, once thought to be sterile in healthy individuals, is now recognized as a complex microbial habitat. Advancements in molecular sequencing techniques have revealed that even in healthy adults, the kidneys and bladder harbor microbial populations similar to those found in the distal urethra, albeit in much lower abundance. These resident microorganisms, while generally innocuous, can become opportunistic pathogens under conditions that alter the urogenital...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Nerve-sparing Mid-urethral Obstruction NeMO in Female Small Rodents
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Urethral lithiasis after phalloplasty.

Mário José Pereira-Lourenço1, Miguel Eliseu1, Paulo Temido1

  • 1Urology and Kidney Transplantation, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario de Coimbra EPE, Coimbra, Portugal.

BMJ Case Reports
|July 15, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study details a successful holmium laser treatment for urethral stricture and stones in a transgender patient. The minimally invasive procedure restored satisfactory urinary flow, resolving complications from phalloplasty.

Keywords:
sexual healthurological surgery

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Plastic Surgery
  • Transgender Healthcare

Background:

  • Phalloplasty using radial forearm free flap can lead to urethral complications.
  • Urethral strictures and fistulas are known risks following phalloplasty.
  • Recurrent stenosis and stone formation present complex reconstructive challenges.

Observation:

  • A 22-year-old transgender male developed urethral stenosis with a pseudodiverticulum and stones post-phalloplasty.
  • Previous surgical correction and urinary diversion were performed for initial complications.
  • The stenosis was located at the urethral anastomosis, proximal to a dilated segment.

Findings:

  • Holmium laser treatment effectively fragmented stones and corrected the urethral stricture.
  • The fibrous septum within the pseudodiverticulum was successfully ablated.
  • Post-treatment follow-up of 40 months showed no signs of residual lithiasis or stricture.

Implications:

  • Holmium laser lithotripsy and urethrotomy offer a minimally invasive solution for complex post-phalloplasty urethral issues.
  • This technique can potentially reduce morbidity associated with open reconstructive surgery.
  • Successful management highlights advancements in reconstructive urology for transgender patients.