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Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic...

Cloning of Dolly the Sheep

Cloning of Dolly the Sheep

The first successfully cloned mammal was Dolly, a sheep, born on 5th July 1996 at Roslin Institute, Scotland. The cloned sheep was named after the American singer Dolly Parton. Dolly lived for seven years and died of respiratory complications, which is speculated to be due to the actual age of her DNA. Because the DNA in cloned cells belongs to an older individual, the cloned individual’s life expectancy may be affected. Indeed, analysis of Dolly’s DNA revealed shorter...

What is Natural Selection?

What is Natural Selection?

Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.

Antibiotic Selection

Antibiotic Selection

Types of Selection

Types of Selection

Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...

Frequency-dependent Selection

Frequency-dependent Selection

When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Functional Cloning Using a Xenopus Oocyte Expression System

Functional Cloning Using a Xenopus Oocyte Expression System

Published on: January 30, 2016

Cytokine Selection of MSC Clones with Different Functionality.

Anton Selich¹, Teng-Cheong Ha², Michael Morgan³

¹Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Building J11, Level 01, Room 6540, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.

Stem Cell Reports

|July 16, 2019

Summary

Cytokines significantly alter mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) functionality and characteristics during ex vivo expansion. Specific cytokine conditions can select for distinct MSC clones, impacting their therapeutic potential and secretome profiles.

Keywords:

HSC MSC TGFB1 clonal tracking cytokines engraftment expansion media genetic barcodes hematopoietic stem cells secretome umbilical cord

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Mutagenesis and Functional Selection Protocols for Directed Evolution of Proteins in E. coli

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Published on: March 16, 2011

Area of Science:

Cell Biology
Immunology
Regenerative Medicine

Background:

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are crucial for various clinical applications.
Ex vivo expansion of MSCs is necessary for therapeutic cell numbers but can lead to clonal selection.
Understanding factors influencing MSC behavior during expansion is vital for optimizing their use.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of cytokines on mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) functionality and clonal selection.
To analyze how different culture conditions affect MSC secretome profiles.
To evaluate the influence of cytokine-selected MSCs on hematopoietic stem cell transplantation outcomes.

Main Methods:

Transduction of MSC progenitors with fluorescent proteins and genetic barcodes for clonal tracking.
Culturing marked MSCs and exposing them to specific cytokine conditions.
Analyzing MSC secretome using proteomic techniques.
Assessing the effect of MSCs on human chimerism after transplantation in immunodeficient mice.

Main Results:

Specific cytokine conditions selectively expanded distinct MSC clones from common progenitors.
MSC secretome profiles varied significantly based on culture medium additives.
MSCs cultured with TGF-β showed reduced cytokine secretion but enhanced human chimerism post-transplantation.
Culture conditions, particularly cytokine additives, profoundly influence MSC functionality.

Conclusions:

Cytokine additives play a critical role in shaping MSC characteristics and functionality during expansion.
The selection of specific MSC clones under different cytokine conditions can alter their therapeutic efficacy.
Optimizing cytokine-based culture conditions is essential for harnessing the full potential of MSCs in clinical settings.