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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Cord01:26

Spinal Cord

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The spinal cord, a critical component of the central nervous system, extends from the base of the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It is essential for maintaining physical stability and facilitating communication between the brain and peripheral parts of the body.
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The Spinal Cord01:54

The Spinal Cord

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The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
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Spinal Cord: Information Processing01:10

Spinal Cord: Information Processing

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The spinal cord is an integral hub for motor and sensory information that enables the brain to communicate with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). This communication consists of relaying sensory data and transmission of motor commands.
Sensory Information Processing
Sensory information processing begins at the sensory receptors located in the skin and other tissues, which detect somatic sensory stimuli such as touch, temperature, or pain. These receptors function as catalysts, initiating...
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Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy01:15

Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy

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The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
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Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
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Central to the gray matter is...
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Spinal Nerves: Plexus II01:21

Spinal Nerves: Plexus II

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The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

A Minimally Invasive, Fast Spinal Cord Lateral Hemisection Technique for Modeling Open Spinal Cord Injuries in Rats
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A Minimally Invasive, Fast Spinal Cord Lateral Hemisection Technique for Modeling Open Spinal Cord Injuries in Rats

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Ovine Hemisection Model of Spinal Cord Injury.

S Wilson1, D C Fredericks2, S Safayi3

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA.

Journal of Investigative Surgery : the Official Journal of the Academy of Surgical Research
|July 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a sheep model for spinal cord injury (SCI) to test new spasticity treatments. The hemisection method shows promise for future therapies despite some variability in injury severity.

Keywords:
neuromodulationovine modelsspinal cord injurytranslational medical research

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Last Updated: Jan 22, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Developing ovine models for spinal cord injury (SCI) is crucial for testing novel neuromodulation therapies.
  • Previous studies have utilized hemisection injuries in large animals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish and evaluate a hemisection spinal cord injury model in sheep.
  • To assess the feasibility of using this model for spasticity research.

Main Methods:

  • Three sheep underwent spinal cord hemisection.
  • Quantitative gait analysis was performed pre- and post-injury.
  • Gait metrics were analyzed to assess functional deficits.

Main Results:

  • Measurable differences in gait metrics were observed post-injury.
  • Fewer metrics than expected exceeded predefined thresholds.
  • Variability in injury severity was noted among the three sheep.

Conclusions:

  • The ovine hemisection model is a promising platform for SCI research and therapy development.
  • This method offers procedural ease and reduced technical complexity compared to other models.
  • Despite observed variability, the model shows potential for advancing spasticity treatments.