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Related Concept Videos

Composition of Blood Plasma01:24

Composition of Blood Plasma

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Blood plasma is a fluid that contains approximately 92% water and 8% solutes. The solutes include various types of proteins, which constitute about 7% of the total solutes in the plasma. The high-molecular-weight proteins—albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen—are essential to plasma function. Albumins, making up about 60% of the plasma proteins, maintain the osmotic balance within blood vessels by preventing excessive water leakage. Additionally, albumins serve as carrier proteins,...
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Plasma Membrane in Bacteria and Archaea01:27

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The plasma membrane is an essential cellular structure responsible for maintaining cellular integrity and regulating the selective transport of molecules. While bacteria and archaea share the fundamental function of plasma membranes, their structural and molecular differences reflect adaptations to distinct ecological and physiological challenges.Bacterial Plasma MembranesBacterial plasma membranes are predominantly composed of phospholipids with fatty acid chains ester-linked to a glycerol...
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Enlargement of the Plasma Membrane01:22

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Cell division and enlargement are processes that require precise control. The control ensures that cell division cannot proceed unless the cell has grown to a specific size. A spherical, dividing cell requires an approximately 1.6X increase in its surface area to double its volume. The secretory pathway also has a significant role in cell membrane enlargement. Secretory vesicles that bud off from the Golgi apparatus and later fuse with the plasma membrane during exocytosis are a major source of...
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Protein Buffers in Blood Plasma and Cells01:20

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The human body utilizes protein buffer systems to maintain a stable pH. These systems capitalize on the dual role of amino acids, which can act as acids or bases by accepting or releasing hydrogen ions in response to pH changes. Protein buffer systems are particularly significant in the extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF) of active cells, where structural and functional proteins provide substantial buffering capacity.
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Drug Distribution: Plasma Protein Binding01:29

Drug Distribution: Plasma Protein Binding

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Drugs predominantly attach to plasma proteins, with only a small percentage remaining unbound. The unbound portion can be calculated as one minus the bound fraction. Acidic drugs form large, inactive complexes by reversibly binding to plasma albumin, which prevents them from diffusing across biological barriers. These drug-protein complexes act as reservoirs for the drugs. As the concentration of unbound drugs decreases, these complexes quickly dissociate to release the free drug, maintaining...
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Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane

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Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

MicroRNA Based Liquid Biopsy: The Experience of the Plasma miRNA Signature Classifier MSC for Lung Cancer Screening
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MicroRNA Based Liquid Biopsy: The Experience of the Plasma miRNA Signature Classifier MSC for Lung Cancer Screening

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Plasma miRNA-based signatures in CRC screening programs.

Susanna Zanutto1,2, Chiara Maura Ciniselli3, Antonino Belfiore1,4

  • 1Tumor Genomics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.

International Journal of Cancer
|July 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary

New blood tests using microRNAs (miRNAs) show promise for improving colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. These circulating miRNAs could help identify patients most likely to benefit from colonoscopy, increasing early cancer detection.

Keywords:
colorectal cancerearly diagnosismiRNAscreening program

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biomarker Discovery

Background:

  • Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening is vital for reducing mortality but faces low uptake due to invasive tests.
  • Minimally invasive screening methods, particularly blood-based tests, are needed to improve patient adherence.
  • Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) in plasma are stable and show potential as cancer biomarkers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify plasma circulating miRNAs that can detect early colorectal cancer (CRC) in individuals with positive fecal immunochemical tests (FIT+).
  • To develop miRNA-based signatures for different stages of colorectal lesions, including low-grade adenomas (LgA), high-grade adenomas (HgA), and cancer lesions (CL).

Main Methods:

  • Quantitative real-time PCR was used to analyze plasma miRNAs from FIT+ subjects.
  • Initial investigation in 60 FIT+ subjects, followed by validation in an internal cohort (201 cases) and a large external cohort (1121 cases).
  • Development and validation of specific miRNA signatures for LgA, HgA, and CL.

Main Results:

  • A two-miRNA signature for CL and six-miRNA signatures for LgA and HgA were identified and validated.
  • Multivariate analysis showed areas under the ROC curve of 0.644 for LgA, 0.670 for HgA, and 0.682 for CL.
  • The identified miRNA signatures demonstrate potential for differentiating lesion types in CRC screening.

Conclusions:

  • Plasma miRNA signatures can detect specific colorectal lesions in FIT+ individuals.
  • A miRNA-based blood test could enhance CRC screening by prioritizing colonoscopies for high-risk patients.
  • This approach may optimize screening program efficiency and increase early CRC identification.